英文目录与摘要

JPA Journal of Public Administration， Vol.13 No.1， 2020

●SYMPOSIUM:NationalGovernanceinChina

Introduction: Governance Logic in China

Xiaoping Jiang

The Combination of Campaign Governance and Institutional Construction: The Strategy of Economic Institution Transformation in China’s Reform and Opening-up

Xingxin Ren

AbstractThroughoutthe Reform and Opening-up era， China has faced the “double challenge” of economic transformation. China mustquickly transform its system of governance while maintaining basic governance effectiveness in the absence of an effective governance system. In response， a strategy—the combination of a campaign for governance and institutional construction—was adopted.Using institutional construction， a new set of market economy institutions was established through continual exploration.Using campaign governance， basic governance effectiveness was managed even in the absence of an effective governance system. This empirical study of the transformation of urban land-using institutions from 1978 to 2012 verified the“ double challenge” and the strategy’s effects.One of which was to allow decision makers to ignore short-term pressures and to have greater room for trial and error. Better solutions were found through continuous adjustments and rapid change.

KeyWordsInstitutions Transformation; Double Challenge; Combination Model; Campaign Governance; Institutional Construction

Multi-Formal Governance: A Theoretical Explanation of Local Anti-Poverty Practice—A Grounded Research Based on 153 nationally-designated Poor Counties

Haoran Bai， Min Li & Yiling Liu

AbstractThis research focuses on the governance experience underlying the implementation of the Targeted Poverty Alleviation strategy. Based on grounded theory， with 153 poverty-stricken counties as the study sample， this paper argues that China’s experience in local poverty alleviation is embodied in the form of “Multi-formal Governance” in whichlocal governance is affected by multiple mechanisms， thus forming a governance pattern of multiple and superimposed influences. The specific influences are as follows: (1) The “rigid time constraint” element constructed by the central government externally drove the “Multi-formal Governance” of local governments; (2) the Party committees and governments of the impoverished counties highlighted the primary tasks， shaping the linkage effect of the system through “party and government integration”， which served as the organizational axis of “Multi-formal governance”; and，(3) the practice of “Multi-formal Governance” relies on the “interest integration” in the horizontal dimension and the “political connection” in the vertical dimension. More specifically， in the former the government and the market form a long-term governance mechanism by establishing governance consensus， while in the latter the government bureaucracy enhances the power of village autonomy by embedding exogenous political authority within it. In this study， “Multi-formal Governance” provides a theoretical perspective for the current practice of anti-poverty policy. Future studies should focus on “Post-2020 relative poverty alleviation practice” and conduct more empirical research.

KeyWordsMulti-Formal Governance; Targeted Poverty Alleviation; Rural Governance; Grounded Theory

●SYMPOSIUM:AttentionAllocationandChineseGovernmentBehavior

Introduction: Why Does the Research on Attention Allocation of Chinese Government Behavior Have Its Own Characteristics？

因免费医学生专业特点，如何激发其学业动机是培养优秀的全科医师的关键。有调查指出，免费医学生动机受自身专业认同的影响[17]；有研究认为，入学动机、班级学业氛围及免费医学生本身的标签都会对免费医学生学习倦怠造成影响[18]；也有调查指出，免费医学生学习投入在自我评价和学习倦怠之间起中介作用[19]；还有研究表明，免费医学生学习倦怠与时间管理情绪和专业承诺有关[20]。上述研究均表明，因免费医学生定向就业的特点，其学习适应性较普通医学生差[21]。这方面的研究提示我们，多方面因素可以影响免费医学生学业动机，未来应注意相关因素的影响并有针对性地开展教育，提升免费医学生学业动机。

Hong Lian

Expansion of the Effect of High-Powered Incentives: Attention Allocation of Bureaucracy and the Competition Between “Aboveground and Underground” Municipal Facilities Expenditure in Chinese Cities， 1999-2010

Shipan Lai

AbstractThe competition between bureaucratic tasks leads to an imbalance in the state’s governance structure. Based on the phenomenon of urban waterlogging from the perspective of organizational attention allocation， this empirical research examined the competition between expenditures foraboveground and underground municipal facilities in 287 prefecture-level cities. The evidence shows that the competition between Chinese bureaucratic organization tasks with easy-to-measure performance and tasks whose performance are not easily measured was the result of the expansion of high-powered incentives. In the context of authoritarian systems， a high-powered incentive shapesa competitive relationship through two mechanisms: relative performance and short-term performance signals.It also has an expansion effect. First， high-powered incentives are the basis for the factors that strengthen the competition to work， such as the centralization reform of the communication system， the competition among other tasks for attention in the same field， and the competition among other tasks for attention in other fields. Second， high-powered incentives also cause the invalidation of the factors that prevent this competition， such as the administrative control of the supervisory party ， the institutional setup of the agency， and the accountability of external media. This finding has important implications for organizational theory and the practices of adjusting national governance structures.

KeyWordsBureaucracy; Competition Relationship Between Organization Tasks; Organizational Attention Allocation; Performance Measurement; Expansion of the Effect of High-Powered Incentives

The Issue Allocation and Priority of Leadership Attention under an Inter-Governmental Structure: Based on Leaders’s Instructions

Peng Tao & Chun Chu

AbstractIssues prioritization operates throughout China’s political system.This paper focuses on the issue allocation and priority of leadership attention in China’s inter-governmental structure. We examined the policy issues of inter-governmental differences， issue stability， issue diversity， and issue priority on leadership attention by examining the instruction text database for the heads of central-provincial-municipal governments. The results show the core issue was leadership attention which had a crowding out effect on other issues;this effect became more significant the farther down it went the government hierarchy. Organizational structure shaped the complexity of leadership attention allocation， and there was a positive correlation between issue stability and issue diversity of inter-governmental leadership attention distribution and government hierarchy. Changes brought by the political cycle had significant “punctuated-equilibrium effects” on the transition of leadership attention. This paper promotes the comparative study of multi-level subject attention， and provides evidence at the attention level for explaining “issue priority” in the operation of China’s political system.

KeyWordsIssue Priority; Inter-Governmental Structure; Leadership Attention; Instructions

Logic of “Risk Pressure-Organizational Synergy” and Leader Attention Allocation under Technology Governance—The case of City A’s “Mayor’s Mailbox”

Cheng Zhang

KeyWordsAttention Allocation; Network Politics; Risk Evasion; Organization Synergy; Technology Governance

●ARTICLES

Traditional Legitimization Resources and Interest Expression of Migrant Workers: Textual Analyses of 1733 Letters Sent to Leaders

Fanyi Kong & Ying Cheng

AbstractUnder China’s cultural-psychological framework which is dominated by the concept of “righteousness and lightness”， a government petitioner must legalize their “interest”. “Emotion”， “reason”， and “law” give “interest” moral meaning and logic. Textual analyses of 1733 messages sent by migrant workers to government leaders revealed the legitimization methods and strategies used to describe the petitioner’s “interest”. It also shows how the cultural and psychological structure of the “emotion”， “reason”， and “law” were deployed to highlight that interest. In this paper， the legitimization structures of the messages are divided into three types: the traditional type of emotion， reason and law; the ideal type of law， reason and emotion; and， the actual type of law， emotion and law.

KeyWordsMigrant Workers; Petition; Emotion; Reason and Law; Interest Expression

Multi-Level Governance in Closed Common Pool Resources—Based on the Situational Development of the IAD Framework

Fangcheng Yuan & Yongguang Jin

AbstractFor the discussion of common pool resource management， the academic focus is on the autonomous mechanism of collective action.Little attention is paid to the attribute types of resources and the differences between governance mechanisms. With the help of the scenario-based IAD framework， this paper explores and discusses the governance logic of closed common pool resources， which are common in China， by investigating rural homestead reform in Y County. Given its financial and organizational limitations， the county government did not directly and comprehensively dominate village level operations.Instead， it activated and guided the autonomous actions of the villages by embedding a more flexible system， introducing agricultural projects， organizational empowerment incentives， discourse construction oriented towards village development， and so on. The strong correlation and endogenous cohesion of the village community， and the administrative empowerment of the county government， became the driving force and performance factor of social self-organization. This study found that the China’s rural homestead reformwas essentially the multi-level management of common pool resources with a strong closed type. In this situation，the key to effective governance was found in improving the multi-level governance structure and strengthening the ability and sustainability of grass-roots self-organization. This paper identifies the closed nature of resources in the Chinese context from the different types of common pool resources and extends the research focus from self-organized collective action to other relevant actors and their logic of action. Based on this grassroots practice， the IAD framework can be expanded to enhance the theoretical interpretation of the governance experience in the Chinese context.

KeyWordsCommon Pool Resources; Multi-Level Governance; IAD; Homestead Reform

An Analysis Model of the Knowledge Creation of Policy Entrepreneurs in Local Government Innovation—An Example of the Bidding Reform for the Public Welfare Fund in K City

Lixin Wang & Meng Feng

AbstractDo policy entrepreneurs use knowledge creation activities when promoting government innovation？ If so， what is their process？ As this is a basic issue in government innovation research，this studyexamined this subject from the perspective of knowledge production theory， taking the bidding reform of K City’s public welfare fund as a case. The main findings are: policy entrepreneurs used their expertise in cognitive activities to transform their new ideas into innovative solutions.These innovative solutions were the combination of new ideas and the external and internal knowledge of organizations.The essence of knowledge creation in this casewas the interaction and transformation of knowing what and knowing how.The approaches to knowledge creation included rationalization， operationalization， legalization and delimitation， and so on. Finally， the production process created causal knowledge， tool knowledge， procedure knowledge， target knowledge， prediction knowledge， coordination knowledge， and so on. Using the approaches of knowledge creation， this article identifies the knowledge creation model of policy entrepreneurs by the term ROLD. The significance of this research lies in revealing the “black box” of micro-activities in government innovation from the perspective of knowledge creation.

KeyWordsGovernment Innovation; Knowledge Creation; Policy Entrepreneurs; Knowing How; Knowing That

From Sustaining Innovation to Deepening Innovation: The Key Factors to BuildingCapacity for Innovation in Local Government

Mei Lang & Xiao Jiao Shi

AbstractThe key factor in modernizing，and in increasing the capacity of， China’s national governance system， is improvinginnovation in local government， moving from “sustaining innovation” to “deepening innovation”. This paper identifies the five core factors required for deepening innovation∶an organizational innovation culture， multi-subject embedment， technique embedment， innovation module， and leader empowerment. Ten China Local Government Innovation Award winners were selected as cases for analysis to explore and observe the multi-concurrent causal paths of the core factors. This study found that，under an enabled leader， the five core factors formed three innovation modes and paths—innovation culture type， module nesting type， and external embedded type.

KeyWordsLocal Government I nnovation; Innovation Deepeningnnovation Capacity Building

●THEORETICALREVIEWS

Coordination in Inter-Departmental Decision-Making: A Literature Review

Wenqiang Wu

AbstractPoor coordination between government departments has led to increasinglyproblematic decision-making. To counter this， coordination mechanisms based on bureaucratic structure are being introduced to balance the tension between departmental autonomy and interdependence and to promote inter-departmental decision-making consensus. The key to understanding inter-departmental coordination lies， however， in their micro-behaviours rather than their institutional designs. As shown in the literature， there is a difference in policy influence between government departments. Some government departments can reproduce policy authority through resource exchange. Asymmetric power and authority relationships reflect the inter-departmental dynamics， which also leads to decision-making consensus. In other words， given a certain set of circumstances， government departments can make full use of diversified coordination strategies to achieve authority reproduction and consensus.

KeyWordsGovernment Department; Decision-Making; Coordination; Authority Reproduction; Consensus