基于评估的优化治疗模式对精神分裂症患者代谢综合征的影响

2020-04-27 13:18郗玲燕金圭星乔静爽
中国医药导报 2020年8期
关键词:代谢综合征精神分裂症评估

郗玲燕 金圭星 乔静爽

[摘要] 目的 探討基于评估的优化治疗模式对精神分裂症患者代谢综合征(MS)的影响。 方法 选取2017年3月~2018年3月衡水市精神病医院诊治的120例精神分裂症患者,根据随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组,每组各60例。研究组服用利培酮片,疗效不佳者换用奥氮平治疗。对照组给予利培酮治疗。采用阴性及阳性症状量表(PANSS)评定精神病理学症状,不良反应症状量表(TESS)评估药物不良反应,记录并比较两组空腹血糖(FBG)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平。 结果 两组治疗前阳性症状评分、阴性症状评分、一般精神病理评分、PANSS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。治疗第4周末两组阳性症状评分、阴性症状评分、一般精神病理评分、PANSS评分均低于治疗前,且研究组阳性症状评分、PANSS评分低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。治疗第8周末,两组阳性症状评分、阴性症状评分、一般精神病理评分、PANSS评分均低于治疗前及治疗第4周末,且研究组一般精神病理评分、PANSS评分显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。两组不同时间MS检出率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。治疗前两组体重指数(BMI)、FBG、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、HDL-C水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05);研究组TG水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。治疗第4周末研究组FBG、SBP水平高于治疗前,对照组BMI、HDL-C水平高于治疗前;且研究组FBG、DBP水平高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。治疗第8周末研究组SBP水平低于治疗第4周末、TG水平高于治疗第4周末,FBG水平高于治疗前;对照组BMI、DBP水平高于治疗前;且研究组TG、HDL-C水平高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。与治疗第2周末比较,两组治疗第4周末、第8周末TESS评分均降低;与治疗第4周末比较,两组治疗第8周末TESS评分均降低,且研究组低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。 结论 基于评估的优化治疗模式治疗精神分裂症,其疗效优于传统治疗模式,对代谢综合征的治疗效果相似。

[关键词] 精神分裂症;评估;优化治疗;代谢综合征

[中图分类号] R749.3          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1673-7210(2020)03(b)-0092-05

[Abstract] Objective To explore the effect of evaluation-based optimal treatment on metabolic syndrome (MS) in schizophrenia. Methods From March 2017 to March 2018, 120 cases with schizophrenia who diagnosed and treated in Hengshui Mental Hospital were selected. According to the random number table method, they were divided into study group and control group, with 60 cases in each group. Study group was taking Risperidone Tablets, and those with poor curative effects switched to Olanzapine. Control group was given Risperidone Tablets. Psychopathological symptoms were assessed using the negative and positive symptom scale (PANSS), and adverse drug reactions were assessed using the treatment emergent symptom scale (TESS). Fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were recorded and compared between two groups. Results There was no significant difference in scores of positive symptoms, negative symptoms, general psychopathology and PANSS between two groups before treatment (P > 0.05). The scores of positive symptoms, negative symptoms, general psychopathology and PANSS at the end of the 4th week of treatment in two groups were lower than those before treatment, and the scores of positive symptoms and PANSS in study group were lower than those in control group, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). The scores of positive symptoms, negative symptoms, general psychopathology and PANSS at the end of the 8th week of treatment in two groups were lower than those before treatment and the end of the 4th week of treatment, and the scores of general psychopathology and PANSS in study group were significantly lower than those in control group, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in MS detection rate between two groups at different times (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in body mass index (BMI), FBG, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic pressure (DBP) and HDL-C between two groups before treatment (P > 0.05). TG level in study group was higher than that in control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). FBG and SBP levels at the end of the 4th week of treatment in study group were higher than before treatment, while BMI and HDL-C levels in control group were higher than before treatment, the levels of FBG and DBP in study group were higher than those in control group, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). SBP level at the end of the 8th week of treatment in study group was lower than that at the end of the 4th week of treatment, TG level was higher than that at the 4th week of treatment, and FBG level was higher than that before treatment, BMI and DBP levels in control group were higher than those before treatment, TG and HDL-C levels in study group were higher than those in control group, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). Compared with the 2th weekend of treatment, TESS scores in both groups were decreased at the 4th and 8th weeks of treatment; compared with the treatment group at the end of the 4th week, both groups had lower TESS scores at the end of the 8th week, and study group was lower than control group, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). Conclusion The optimal treatment model based on evaluation is used to treat schizophrenia, which has better efficacy than traditional treatment model and has similar effects on metabolic syndrome.

[Key words] Schizophrenia; Evaluation; Optimal treatment; Metabolic syndrome

精神分裂症是一组慢性迁延的精神障碍,常出现感知、思维、情感、行为等多方面障碍,其预期寿命较普通人群短20年左右[1],预期寿命较短可能与精神分裂症患者自杀和意外死亡有关,除此之外,大约60%的死亡与精神分裂症患者并发的躯体疾病或代谢综合征(MS)有关[2]。MS是指肥胖、高血压、糖代谢异常和血脂异常等多种心血管病危险因素在同一个体聚集的现象[3]。精神分裂症出现MS风险是普通人群的2倍,主要影响因素是服用抗精神病药引起的代谢异常风险[4]。目前研究显示精神分裂症中MS的患病率高达40%~60%[5-6]。利培酮和奥氮平作为第二代抗精神病药的代表药物,也是目前临床的首选药物[7-8]。Koro等[9]发现,使用奥氮平治疗的患者出现糖尿病风险是未治疗者的5.8倍,而使用利培酮者发生糖尿病风险则是未治疗者的2.2倍。基于此,并且参考中国精神分裂症治疗指南及河北省衡水市精神病医院(以下简称“我院”)的用药情况,本研究拟比较基于症状评估的优化给药模式(如利培酮疗效不佳时换用效果不低于利培酮的药物奥氮平)与常规治疗两种方案对精神分裂症MS的影响差异,为基于评估的调整治疗方案提供代谢方面的相关数据及依据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

选取2017年3月~2018年3月我院门诊和住院的精神分裂症患者共120例。根据随机数字表法,将其分为研究组与对照组,每组各60例。所有患者均签署知情同意书,本研究取得我院医学伦理委员会批准(2017001003)。

纳入标准:①符合DSM-V精神分裂症的诊断标准[10];②首发或复发患者;③年龄18~60岁;④阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)[11]总分60~120分。排除标准:①伴其他精神障碍者;②近6个月内曾有精神活性物质依赖史;③伴严重内科疾病;④难治性精神分裂症;⑤自杀风险高者;⑥存在迟发性运动障碍者;⑦近1个月注射任何长效抗精神病药针剂者;⑧近1个月给予无抽搐电休克治疗、重复经颅磁刺激或其他物理治疗者。退出标准:①精神症状不稳定,需要合并其他抗精神病药、丙戊酸盐和锂盐者;②出现明显药物副作用者;③撤回知情同意书者。

1.2 方法

研究组:给予基于评估的优化治疗模式[12]干预,口服利培酮片(西安杨森制药有限公司,批号:161123 805、170227388、17059818、170608973),起始劑量均为2 mg/d,2周内滴定至4~6 mg/d;若疗效不佳者(治疗第2周PANSS减分率<20%),在入组第3~4周内采用交叉换药的方式换为奥氮平片(江苏豪森药业股份有限公司,批号:161103、170408、170601、170908),奥氮平最高剂量在10~20 mg/d;若第2周末PANSS减分率≥20%,则继续使用利培酮片。治疗第5~8周单一用药(即奥氮平或利培酮片)。PANSS评分决定药物每周是否加量,若效果不佳(PANSS减分率<20%)即加量,若效果较前一次PANSS评分明显减低≥20%,则维持原有剂量不变。

对照组:给予常规治疗方案,即口服利培酮片起始剂量和最高剂量的范围均同研究组,入组8周内,根据临床医生经验逐渐加量药物。两组患者在入组期间允许短期(≤1周)合用苯二氮■类药物。

1.3 MS诊断标准

采用2004年中华医学会糖尿病分会MS诊断标准[13],即具有下列4项中的3项及以上者可诊断为MS。①超重和/或肥胖:体重指数(BMI)≥25.0 kg/m2;②高血糖:空腹血糖(FBG)≥6.1 mmol/L和/或口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)餐后2 h血糖≥7.8 mmol/L和/或既往明确诊断为糖尿病并正在治疗者;③高血压:收缩压(SBP)/舒张压(DBP)≥140/90 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)和/或既往明确诊断为高血压并正在治疗者;④血脂紊乱:三酰甘油(TG)≥1.7 mmol/L和/或男性高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)<0.9 mmol/L,女性HDL-C <1.0 mmol/L。

1.4 观察指标及评价标准

诊断评估由2名主治医师以上、经验丰富的临床医生实施。分别在入组前、入组第4周末、第8周末由经过培训的心理量表评估人员评估临床效果和副作用,量表评估的一致性Kappa=0.80。PANSS量表评定精神病理学症状[10]。不良反应症状量表(TESS)[14]评估药物不良反应。

受试者禁食水8 h后采集血样,均在上午9点之前采集肘静脉血10 mL,检测FG、TBG、HDL-C水平。血压监测均在早晨9点,要求患者静坐15 min后检查上臂SBP和DBP。

1.5 统计学方法

采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用t检验及重复测量多因素方差分析;计数资料用百分率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组一般资料比较

研究组退出11例,合并使用其他抗精神病药者9例,无法耐受不良反应者1例,撤回知情同意书者1例;对照组退出13例,合并使用其他抗精神病药者7例,无法耐受不良反应者3例,撤回知情同意书者3例。研究组最终完成随访者49例,对照组47例。两组一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性。见表1。

2.2 两组PANSS评分比较

两组不同时间、组间、时间×组间的阳性症状评分、一般精神病理评分、PANSS评分比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05);两组不同时间的阴性症状评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表2。

两组治疗前阳性症状评分、阴性症状评分、一般精神病理评分、PANSS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。治疗第4周末两组阳性症状评分、阴性症状评分、一般精神病理评分、PANSS评分均低于治疗前,且研究组阳性症状评分、PANSS评分低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。治疗第8周末,两组阳性症状评分、阴性症状评分、一般精神病理评分、PANSS评分均低于治疗前及治疗第4周末,且研究组一般精神病理评分、PANSS评分显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。见表2。

2.3 两组不同时间MS检出率比较

两组不同时间MS检出率比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P > 0.05)。见表3。

2.4 两组代谢指标比较

两组不同时间BMI、FBG、DBP、TG、HDL-C水平比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05);两组组间TG水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);两组时间×组间HDL-C水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表4。

治疗前两组BMI、FBG、SBP、DBP、HDL-C水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05);研究组TG水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。治疗第4周末研究组FBG、SBP水平高于治疗前,对照组BMI、HDL-C水平高于治疗前;且研究组FBG、DBP水平高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。治疗第8周末研究组SBP水平低于治疗第4周末、TG水平高于治疗第4周末,FBG水平高于治疗前;对照组BMI、DBP水平高于治疗前;且研究组TG、HDL-C水平高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。见表4。

2.5 两组不良反应比较

两组不同时间、组间、时间×组间TESS评分比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。与治疗第2周末比较,两组治疗第4周末、第8周末TESS评分均降低;与治疗第4周末比较,两组治疗第8周末TESS评分均降低,且研究组低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。见表5。

3 讨论

本研究结果显示,研究组治疗效果优于对照组。提示早期评估、早期调整治疗方案,可以更快地缓解精神症状,效果好于传统、单一、足量、足疗程的治疗方法。这与梁英等[15]研究結果类似,早期反应者症状改善更迅速、更明晰,且药物种类对早期反应有影响,奥氮平较其他药物的早期反应更明显。

精神分裂症的治疗目标不仅仅是改善患者症状,降低抗精神病药物导致的副作用也是治疗的重点。本研究结果显示,两组不同时间MS检出率比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P > 0.05)。有研究显示[16],与利培酮比较,奥氮平更容易导致体重、胆固醇及血糖水平增加。动物实验显示[17],奥氮平治疗6周,小鼠葡萄糖和血脂水平显著增高。但Ono等[18]研究结论略有不同,其认为奥氮平、利培酮单药治疗对精神分裂症患者HDL-C的影响仅体现在超重组。Lee等[19]研究显示,奥氮平和利培酮单药治疗组抗精神病药物中MS的患病率分别为34%、35%,比例相近。本研究结果显示,基于评估的治疗并没有增加MS风险,提示基于评估治疗可及时发现患者的病情变化,快速调整治疗方案,加快精神分裂症症状的缓解,提高治疗依从性,增加患者活动量,患者能自行控制饮食,改变生活方式,减轻MS的发生。也可能与奥氮平使用者人数较少有关。Yang等[20]研究提示基因多态性可能影响第二代抗精神病药物所致的MS风险,中国人的甾醇调节元件结合转录因子-1(SREBF1)基因rs11654081 T等位基因与MetS风险增加显著相关(r = 2.56),5-羟色胺2C受体G蛋白偶联(HTR2C)-759C基因型与MS的风险增加有关[21]。英国学者认为,脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)Val66Met基因型是接受抗精神病药物的精神分裂症患者发生肥胖和胰岛素抵抗的潜在风险因素[22]。

本研究局限性在于样本量较小,并且研究组约45%的受试者继续服用利培酮,与对照组的比较差异可能受药物本身的影响。另外,随访时间较短,未考虑基因等异常因素的影响,仍需进一步研究。

综上所述,基于评估的优化治疗模式治疗精神分裂症可以更快缓解患者病情,控制症状,改善预后,MS风险与传统用药方式相似。

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(收稿日期:2019-07-09  本文编辑:刘明玉)

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