中国结直肠癌筛查效果meta分析

2020-04-27 13:18袁平马杏凡
中国医药导报 2020年8期
关键词:结直肠癌Meta分析筛查

袁平 马杏凡

[摘要] 目的 系統评价问卷调查结合便潜血的筛查方法在中国开展结直肠癌的筛查效果。 方法 计算机检索中国知网、万方、PubMed、EBSCO等中文和外文数据库,并辅以参考文献追溯和手工检索方法,查找结直肠癌初筛人群数量≥5000例的研究文献。检索时限为建库时间至2016年6月。采用R3.3.1软件进行meta分析。通过初筛阳性率、结直肠病变检出率和早诊率、结直肠癌检出率,来分析筛查效果,并对结直肠病变检出率进行分层分析。 结果 最终纳入28篇文献,共3 398 895人接受筛查。meta分析结果显示:初筛阳性率为14%[95%CI(11%~19%),P < 0.0001]。结直肠病变检出率为16%[95%CI(12%~19%),P < 0.0001],其中早诊率为93%[95%CI(92%~95%),P < 0.0001]。结直肠癌的检出率为1%[95%CI(1%~2%),P < 0.0001]。对结直肠病变检出率分层分析发现:城市(17%)高于农村(8%);南方地区(15%)略高于北方(12%);基于体检人群开展大肠癌伺机性筛查的结果(13%)略低于社区自然人群(16%)。 结论 问卷调查结合便潜血的结直肠癌序贯筛查方法可增加初筛阳性率,适合肠镜依从性差的地区。

[关键词] 结直肠癌;筛查;效果;meta分析

[中图分类号] R735.5          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1673-7210(2020)03(b)-0106-07

[Abstract] Objective To systematically evaluate the effectiveness of screening for colorectal cancer in China by questionnaire survey combined with fecal occult blood tests. Methods Computer search was conducted on CNKI, WanFang, PubMed, EBSCO and other Chinese and foreign language databases, supplemented by reference tracing and manual search methods, to find literatures with a population of more than 5000 in the primary screening population of colorectal cancer. The retrieval time was from the database construction to June 2016. R3.3.1 software was used for meta-analysis. The screening effect was analyzed by the initial screening positive rate, the detection rate and early diagnosis rate of colorectal lesions and the detection rate of colorectal cancer, and the detection rate of colorectal lesions was analyzed by stratification. Results In the end, 28 articles were included, and a total of 3 398 895 people were screened. Meta-analysis results showed that the initial screening positive rate was 14% [95%CI (11%-19%), P < 0.0001]. The detection rate of colorectal lesions was 16% [95%CI (12%-19%), P < 0.0001], and the early diagnosis rate was 93% [95%CI (92%-95%), P < 0.0001]. The detection rate of colorectal cancer was 1% [95%CI (1%-2%), P < 0.0001]. Stratified analysis of the detection rate of colorectal lesions found that: urban (17%) was higher than rural (8%), the South (15%) was slightly higher than the North (12%), the results of opportunistic colorectal cancer screening based on physical population (13%) were slightly lower than those of the natural community population (16%). Conclusion The questionnaire survey combined with the sequential screening method of fecal occult blood for colorectal cancer can increase the positive rate of initial screening, suitable for areas with poor compliance with colonoscopy.

[Key words] Colorectal cancer; Screening; Effect; Meta analysis

结直肠癌是常见的恶性肿瘤,在中国是发病率上升最快的恶性肿瘤之一[1]。有研究表明,大部分结直肠癌来源于腺瘤性的息肉恶变,这一过程通常需要5~15年的时间[2]。经筛查,及时发现早期病变,并予以治疗,即可避免癌变。浙江大学郑树教授课题组,在世界范围内首创序贯结直肠癌筛查模式:问卷调查结合粪便潜血试验为初筛,初筛判断为高危的人群,继而接受结肠镜检查[3]。该模式具有简便易行、成本低等优势,因而被广泛应用。本研究采用系统评价加meta分析方法,对在中国采用上述方法开展的结直肠癌筛查进行综合分析,同时分析结直肠病变检出率在不同地域、环境、人群中开展时的区别,为今后开展筛查工作提供科学依据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 检索策略

计算机检索中国知网、万方数据库、PubMed、EBSCO等中文和外文数据库。检索时限为建库时间至2016年6月。中文检索词包括:结肠癌、直肠癌、结直肠癌、大肠癌、筛查;英文检索词包括:colon cancer,rectal cancer,colorectal cancer,carcinoma of rectum,colorectal carcinoma,screening。

1.2 纳入与排除标准

纳入标准:①论文类型:公开发表的论文、学位论文、会议论文等;②筛查方法:利用问卷调查与大便潜血检测(feces occult blood test,FOBT)进行初筛,初筛判断为高危人群,经肠镜检查(“精筛”或称“复筛”);③初筛人数≥5000人;④研究样本来自中国大陆;⑤研究为现况调查或横断面调查。

排除标准:①筛查方法与本文要求不一致;②文献所含信息不完整;③重复文献;④综述。

1.3 文献筛选

2名研究者同时独立筛选文献、提取资料。严格遵循纳入与排除标准。两个判断结果不一致时,由第三位高级职称的研究者裁定。

1.4 文献质量

遵循横断面研究质量评价标准(美国卫生保健治疗和研究机构推荐)[4]。该标准共11项,每项可选择“是”“否”“不清楚”。选择“是”,记1分;选择“否”或“不清楚”,记0分。依据总分,判断文献质量。

1.5资料提取

利用Excel软件制作数据库,提取文献中的重要指标。提取内容包括:作者姓名、题目、发表时间、研究单位、研究时间、研究地点、筛查方式、目标人数、接受问卷调查人数、问卷调查阳性人数、接受FOBT人数、FOBT阳性人数、接受初筛总人群数、初筛阳性人数、接受肠镜检查人数、各种病理结果诊断人数等。

1.6 检出率及早诊率的定义

结直肠病变检出率=(腺瘤+伴中、重度异性增生的其他病变+癌)/实际肠镜检查人数×100%。结直肠癌检出率=结直肠癌/实际肠镜检查人数×100%。早诊率=(腺瘤+伴中、重度异性增生的其他病变+早期癌)/(腺瘤+伴中、重度异性增生的其他病变+癌)×100%[5]。

1.7 统计学方法

利用R3.3.1软件进行meta分析。首先,对原始率、按四种估计(包括对数转换、logit转换、反正弦转换、双重反正弦转换)方法转换后的率,做正态性检验。然后,依据正态性检验结果,选择接近正态分布的方法。以样本量为权重,计算合并值。经过上述数据变换的逆转换,可得到合并的“发生率”及其95%CI。利用Homogeneity test(Q检验),完成异质性检验(检验水准为α = 0.1),结合I2定量判断异质性。若P ≥ 0.10且I2 ≤ 50%,则提示研究结果间同质,可以固定效应模型meta分析;反之,则提示结果间存在异质性,需随机效应模型meta分析。meta分析的检验水准为α = 0.05。发表偏倚采用Eggers′检验。敏感性分析时,利用排除最低质量的文献,重新计算合并率。

2 结果

2.1 文献检索结果

檢索文献834篇,经多层筛选后,最终纳入28篇,共3 398 895人接受初筛。文献筛选流程见图1。

2.2 纳入文献的基本特征与质量评价

纳入本研究的文献共28篇,时间跨度12年(2004~2015年)。初筛人数共3 398 895人,不同研究样本量差异较大,最少5270人,最多2 117 304人。依照研究地区,可分为北方(6篇)、南方(22篇);依照研究地区类型,可分为城市(20篇)、农村(6篇)、城市加农村(2篇)。纳入文献质量评价平均得分为10(9~11)分。

2.3 meta分析结果

2.3.1初筛阳性率分析  纳入的28篇文献均报道了初筛总人数和初筛阳性(高危)人数。这些文献报道的初筛阳性率差异较大,最高为52%,最低为6%。将28篇文献采用随机效应模型meta分析,结果显示初筛总阳性率为14%[95%CI(11%~19%),P < 0.0001]。见图2。

2.3.2 结直肠病变检出率  28篇文献均报道了接受肠镜检查人数、结直肠病变检出人数。不同文献报道的检出率在0%~34%之间。将28篇文献采用随机效应模型meta分析,结果显示肠镜检出率为16%[95%CI(12%~19%),P < 0.0001]。见图3。

2.3.3 结直肠癌检出率  28篇文献均报道了接受肠镜检查人数、结直肠癌检出人数。不同文献报道的检出率在0%~18%之间。将28篇文献采用随机效应模型meta分析,结果显示肠镜检出率为1%[95%CI(1%~2%),P < 0.0001]。见图4。

2.3.4 早诊率  26篇文献中报道检出了早期病变,不同文献报道的早检率>50%。采用随机效应模型meta分析,结果显示,早诊率为93%[95%CI(92%~95%),P < 0.0001]。见图5。

2.3.5 病变检出率的分层分析  由3个方面,对结直肠病变检出率的分层分析,发现:①按研究地区类型分类后,城市结直肠病变检出率(17%)高于农村(8%),并略高于城乡结合地区(12%);②按地域划分,南方地区结直肠病变检出率(15%)略高于北方(12%);③纳入本研究的28篇文献中,3篇[17,20,28]由医疗机构的体检科完成,接受筛查者为正常体检人群,采用伺机性筛查方式开展。其余25项研究,均是在社区开展的基于自然人群的筛查。分析发现,在正常体检人群中开展的大肠癌筛查,其结直肠病变检出率(13%)略低于社区自然人群筛查结果(16%)。见表2。

2.3.6 发表偏倚和敏感性分析  根据结直肠癌筛查的检出率,绘制漏斗图(图6)。Eggers′检验没有检出有统计学意义的发表偏倚(P > 0.05)。剔除文献质量最低的文献,重新计算效应值,其结果与之前的基本相同。

3 讨论

20世纪90年代,中国首创将数量化问卷调查结合FOBT开展结直肠癌筛查[3]。2005年,中国国家卫生部启动了农村癌症早诊早治项目[5],以郑树教授团队确定的筛查模式为基础开展结直肠癌筛查,并一直持续至今。在此期间,北京[19]、上海[9]、天津[10]等大中型城市均开展了类似的结直肠癌筛查活动。本文通过收集整理中国近年来开展的大型结直肠癌筛查(接受初筛人群≥5000)结果,评估上述筛查模式在中国健康人群中的效果。

多项研究发现,单一采用问卷或FOBT筛查的阳性检出率较低,而同时将这两种方法序贯应用后可大大提高初筛阳性率[19,21]。中国目前以社区为单位开展的结直肠癌筛查均为政府出资、向居民免费提供。鉴于肠镜依从性较低的现状[34,35],适当提高初筛阳性率可鼓励更多高危人群参与肠镜检查,较适宜中国现阶段筛查需要。

本研究發现,初筛阳性并接受肠镜者中,结直肠病变检出率为16%。其中,早期病变的检出率(早诊率)为93%。表明筛查的一大优势,即早期发现病变,已经体现出来。下一步通过早期干预,大大提高这部分患者的生存率,是开展筛查的最大意义所在。

分层分析发现,城市结直肠病变检出率(17%)高于农村(8%);南方地区(15%)高于北方地区(12%)。上述差异与中国结直肠癌在地域和地区间的总体发病特征基本一致[36]。另外,伺机性筛查的检出率略低于社区调查,可能与参与人群不同有关。主动参加伺机筛查的人更注意自身健康,因此其结直肠病变患病率可能低于一般社区人群。

美国通过大规模人群动态监测发现[37],1976~2014年结直肠癌死亡率下降了51%,这主要归功于20世纪70年代开始的结直肠癌筛查和早诊早治[38]。同时,欧美等国家已经开展了多项长达几十年的结直肠癌筛查队列随访研究[39-40],同样证实了筛查的效果。但是中国目前开展的筛查多是一次性由政府出资完成,缺乏对照和长期队列随访数据。急需开展长期随访研究获得结直肠癌筛查在中国人群中的效果和卫生经济学评价证据,并根据这些数据进一步优化当前的序贯筛查方案[8]。

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(收稿日期:2019-08-08  本文編辑:顾家毓)

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