代谢功能障碍相关性脂肪肝病与心血管疾病关系的研究进展

2023-05-18 00:36魏智浩徐依然宋宗爽赵文柳谭熠臻吴昊李云
现代养生·上半月 2023年6期
关键词:脂肪肝参与者内皮

魏智浩 徐依然 宋宗爽 赵文柳 谭熠臻 吴昊 李云

【摘要】  心脑血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)是常见的慢性非传染性疾病(包括冠心病、脑卒中等)及疾病经济负担较重的疾病,也是全球范围内主要死亡原因之一。通过叙述发现代谢功能障碍相关性脂肪肝病(MAFLD)与动脉粥样硬化、心脑血管疾病和全因死亡等关系的研究进展。MAFLD是CVD的独立危险因素,可能通过全身炎症、氧化应激和胰岛素抵抗等机制促进心血管疾病的发生。

【关键词】  代谢功能障碍相关性脂肪肝病;非酒精性脂肪性肝病;死亡率;心血管疾病

中图分类号  R575;R54    文献标识码  A    文章编号  1671-0223(2023)11--03

心脑血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)是常见的慢性非传染性疾病(包括冠心病、脑卒中等)及疾病经济负担较重的疾病,也是全球范围内主要死亡原因之一[1-3]。1990—2019年全球CVD患病人数从2.71亿增加到5.23亿人;因CVD死亡从1.77千万增加到3.44千万人,翻了一倍[4]。近年来许多研究探讨了CVD的影响因素,但其发病原因仍不完全清楚,发病率仍呈上升趋势。因而,寻找其他潜在影响因素是CVD防治的重点。

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是全球最常见的肝病,全球和亚洲患病率分别为25.2%[5]和29.6%[6]。以往证据表明,NAFLD与心血管疾病的发病风险的增加有关[7]。然而,为了更好地了解脂肪肝,国际上最近提出临床使用代谢功能障碍相关性脂肪肝病(metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease,MAFLD)代替非酒精性脂肪肝以强调脂肪肝病与代谢功能障碍的致病关联[8]。有研究发现,MAFLD独立增加心肌梗死、脑卒中的发病风险[9],是CVD风险增加的危险因素。然而,目前尚未有研究对MAFLD的进展与心血管疾病发病风险之间的关系进行报道。

1  MAFLD与心血管疾病危险因素的研究进展

1.1  MAFLD与动脉粥样硬化关系的研究进展

一项于上海市社区进行的横断面研究[10],共纳入6232名40岁以上的参与者,研究发现MAFLD的进展与颈动脉粥样硬化的长期风险之间存在较强的关联,与非MAFLD组相比,随访时进展为MAFLD的参与者发生颈动脉内膜-中层厚度升高的风险增加了1.356倍(OR=1.356,95%CI=1.134~1.620);此外,超声检查证实的MAFLD的消退或改善与颈动脉粥样硬化发展的风险降低相关,与MAFLD稳定组相比,在随访中恢复为非MAFLD的参与者发生颈动脉内膜-中层厚度升高的風险降低了29.4%(OR=0.706,95%CI=0.507~0.984),臂踝脉搏波传导速度升高的风险降低43.1%(OR=0.569,95%CI=0.340~0.950)。

1.2  MAFLD与心脏结构异常关系的研究进展

有研究表明,MAFLD患者与心脏结构异常有关[11-12]。此外,一项针对2356名参与者的心脏研究显示[13],肝脏脂肪与左室质量、左室壁厚度、质量体积比、二尖瓣峰值速度和左室充盈压力呈正相关。我国一项研究[14]通过受控衰减参数的瞬时弹性成像评估了228名参与者的肝脂肪变性程度,与正常组相比,MAFLD组的左心室舒张功能障碍更为普遍,超重亚组和糖尿病亚组与心脏重塑迹象显著相关。中度至重度脂肪变性患者的左心室舒张功能障碍和心脏重塑风险更高。

1.3  MAFLD与心脑血管疾病关系的研究进展

CVD是全球最常见的非传染性疾病,每年因CVD死亡的人数约占所有死亡人数的30%。然而,MAFLD与心血管疾病之间的关系尚存在争议[15-16]。韩国一项队列研究[17]发现MAFLD人群与后续CVD的发病风险之间未存在关联。同样,日本的一项回顾性研究[18]发现MAFLD对CVD的影响与糖尿病等代谢障碍类型有关;在没有2型糖尿病的情况下,MAFLD组增加了CVD的风险(HR=1.41,95%CI=1.28~1.57);对于2型糖尿病患者,MAFLD组却未能增加CVD的风险(HR=1.08,95%CI=0.84~1.38)。然而,韩国的一项研究结果却与之相悖,此项研究共纳入了8962813名参与者,以非MAFLD组为对照,MAFLD使CVD发病风险增加了1.52倍(HR=1.52,95%CI=1.51~1.54)[9]。同样,在我国上海泥城镇[19]、新疆喀什地区[20]和风湿病人群[21]中进行的研究,均发现MAFLD增加了CVD的发病风险。

2  MAFLD与全因死亡率、心血管死亡率关系的研究进展

尽管大量研究表明NAFLD患者的心血管死亡率增加,但MAFLD对死亡率[11-12,22-23]及CVD相关死亡率[17,24-25]的独立贡献仍存在争议。一项基于唐山开滦地区的队列研究[26],共招募了152139名腹部超声检查参与者,中位随访12.7年后,发现MAFLD与死亡率增加有关,尤其是在<40岁的男性中(HR=1.51,95%CI=1.19~1.93)。同样,Kim等[27]研究了MAFLD对美国成年人全因和特定原因死亡率的影响,发现MAFLD与全因死亡率风险增加相关(HR=1.17,95%CI=1.04~1.32),但MAFLD与心血管死亡风险没有联系(HR=0.95,95%CI=0.75~1.21)。然而,LEE等[9]在韩国健康筛查数据库中,共纳入8962813名符合条件的40~64岁参与者进行队列研究发现,MAFLD组使CVD死亡风险增加了1.46倍(HR=1.46,95%CI=1.41~1.52)。

3  MAFLD導致心血管疾病发病的机制

MAFLD增加CVD风险的潜在机制有多种,例如全身炎症、氧化应激、肝胰岛素抵抗、血小板活化、内皮功能障碍和高血压等[10,28-37]。MAFLD和胰岛素抵抗之间的相互作用增加了极低密度脂蛋白颗粒和甘油三酯的水平,导致胰岛素受体功能障碍,从而动员肝脏脂肪组织转运到外周组织,增加CVD的风险[38]。除胰岛素抵抗外,MAFLD和CVD之间复杂的潜在机制包括内皮功能障碍和炎症通路的激活[39];MAFLD患者的促炎状态和氧化应激增加可导致内皮功能障碍并诱导血管炎症,从而促进动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成。所有上述机制都可导致心脏结构和舒张功能障碍的变化[40]。此外,患有MAFLD的个体表现出内皮功能障碍,肱动脉内皮血流介导的血管舒张作用显著降低[29]。

4  结论

CVD仍是全球范围内一个日益严重的重大公共卫生问题,由于治疗的改善和人群预期寿命的延长,患病率仍将上升,进而导致医疗费用的增加。广泛探索潜在的危险因素将有助于减轻CVD的疾病负担,目前,MAFLD与心肌梗死、脑卒中等CVD疾病之间的关系已经得到了广泛验证,MAFLD是CVD的独立风险因素。但MAFLD的进展及消退与心血管疾病的关系仍需进一步验证。通过对MAFLD危险因素及其代谢功能障碍与CVD关系进行研究,将有助于精准对重点人群进行干预,提高大众对心力衰竭及其危险因素的认识,为预防CVD的发生和减轻疾病负担提供科学依据。

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[2023-03-08收稿]

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