语言的力量:方言能力对雇佣关系的影响

2023-05-30 22:09付双乐任美娜刘林平
安徽师范大学学报 2023年1期

付双乐 任美娜 刘林平

关键词:方言能力;雇佣关系;工具变量;家政工

摘 要:在以往关于雇佣关系的社会学研究中,很少有学者将文化因素纳入分析;而语言学则往往将方言这一重要的文化载体作为因变量,探讨影响方言的社会因素。本研究拓展了既有理论视角,将方言作为重要解释变量,探讨其对雇佣关系的作用机制。利用2019年家政工人专项调查数据,使用工具变量法,考察工作城市方言能力对雇佣关系满意度的影响。结果发现:克服内生性问题后,工作城市方言越好的家政工对雇佣关系越满意。这表明,工作城市方言能力对雇佣关系满意度具有显著的促进作用,且结果具有稳健性。

中图分类号:F249.26文献标识码:A文章编号:1001-2435(2023)01-0048-10

The Power of Language: The Impact of Dialect Skills on Employment Relationships

FU Shuang-le1,REN Mei-na2,LIU Lin-ping2(1.School of Elderly Care Services and Management, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing,210023,China; 2.School of Social and Behavior Sciences,Nanjing University,Nanjing,210023,China)

Keywords: dialect ability; employment relationship; instrumental variable; domestic worker

Abstract: In previous sociological studies on employment relationship,few scholars have incorporated cultural factors into the analysis; Linguistics often uses dialect which is an important cultural factor as a dependent variable to explore the social factors affecting dialect. This study expands the existing theoretical perspective,using dialects as important explanatory variables,and exploring the mechanism of its impact on employment relationship. In this paper,the survey data of the domestic workers in 2019 and the CMP estimation method were used,we investigate the influence of the dialect ability on the employment relationship satisfaction between female domestic workers and employers. It was found that after overcoming the endogenous problem,the better the domestic dialect of the working city dialect,the more satisfied the employment relationship. It shows that the dialect ability of the working city has a significant promotion effect on the satisfaction of the employment relationship,and the results are robust; the number of working days per week and the working city are also important factors that affect the satisfaction of the employment relationship.

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一、引 言

語言是人类最重要的交际工具。“劳动分工以及人类社会按分工原则进行活动,都依靠语言。”1传统的语言学研究不太涉及语言的社会功能,现代语言学研究不囿于语言本身,而是转向了社会语言学或语言社会学的广阔领域。语言具有地域性,表现为方言。“地域方言是语言的地域变体。”1方言对于大多数人来说是母语,它具有两种基本功能:其一,对于讲同一种方言的人而言,彼此之间的理解更为准确,更少歧义;其二,方言带有浓郁的地方文化特性,具有天然的亲近性。如果要进一步探索,方言可能具有十分广泛和重要的社会功能。但可惜的是,“方言学基本上不与语言学以外的人文学科相关连”。2

本文从社会学的研究视角出发,力图拓展对于方言社会功能的研究。和经济学不同,本文不仅仅将语言(方言)能力视为一种人力资本,只是研究其经济效益;和语言学(方言学)不同,本文也不是细致分析家政工的方言能力和差异,而是把它作为一个解释变量,探讨它对雇佣关系的影响。

一般来说,家政工和家庭雇主的关系尽管是一种工作关系,但它具有全方位接触、涉及家庭隐私和难以划定标准的特点。另外,不少研究者将家政服务视为一种情感劳动。因而,在这种工作或服务关系中,就必然涉及文化因素。而方言正是一种文化载体。故将方言能力作为一种关键的解释变量,正是契合了家政服务的特点。