高考主谓一致命题特征分析与突破

李红艳

主谓语一致是中学英语语法的重要内容，也是高考的重要考点，其热点考查方式如下：

命题方式一：在主语后添加附加成分，如介词短语等构成的状语、定语、定语从句、同位语从句等，增加对主语中心语的判断难度。

此种考查方式是高考对主谓一致考查的最大热点，近年来大部分有关此语法点的高考题都有此特征。

例1： The father as well as his three children_____ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter. （2006辽宁）

A. is goingB. go

C. goesD. are going

解析：答案为C。从语法讲解的角度来看，主语The father是单数概念，尽管后面跟有as well as his three children，谓语动词仍要用单数形式。every Sunday afternoon in winter暗示该空表示经常性、习惯性动作，因此应用一般现在时。从命题方式的角度看，此题学生易弄混淆主语为his three children而出错，在主语后添加his three children容易误导学生对主语的判断。主语后接“with ...”等构成的修饰成分时, 谓语仍须与这类短语前的“主语”一致。可构成这类短语的常用词有with， along with， together with， as well as， but， besides， except， added to， including， like， no less than， rather than， more than等。

例2： The country life he was used to_____greatly since 1992. （2005山东）

A. changeB. has changed

C. changingD. have changed

解析：答案为B。主语The country是单数概念，谓语要用单数形式。此题在主语后添加了一个定语从句，就容易使学生误认为谓语动词为was used to，从而导致选C项，其实去掉定语从句he was used to，句子就很简单，也易得出答案。

例3： As you can see, the number of cars on our roads_____ rising these days. (2006全国卷Ⅱ)

A. was keepingB. keep

C. keepsD. were keeping

解析：答案为C。 the number of cars表示“小汽车的数目”，做主语时动词用单数形式，these days暗示该空表示现阶段的动作，因此应填keeps。对此题许多学生不清楚主语的中心语为the number而非cars，从而误选了答案。

解题方法总结：解答此类题目时，一定要先去掉这些附加成份，留下主语的主体。因为附加成分不是真正的主语，而是起着限定、说明、补充的作用，然后依据主语确定谓语的单复数形式。（注意上面例题及下面高考大练兵题目中的黑体部分的内容皆为真正的主语）

【高考大练兵】

1. Professor Smith, along with his assistants, ____ on the project day and night to meet the deadline. （2005上海）

A. workB. working

C. is workingD. are working

2. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class,_____ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck. （2004北京）

A. wasB. were

C. had beenD. would be

3. No one in the department but Tom and I_____that the director is going to resign.(2004上海春)

A. knowsB. know

C. have knownD. an to know

4. E-mail, as well as telephones,_____ an important part in daily communication.(1999上海卷)

A. is playingB. have played

C. are playingD. play

5. All the employees except the manger_____to work online at home. (2004广东卷)

A. encouragesB. encourage

C. is encouragedD. are encouraged

6. A library with five thousand books_____to the nation as a gift. (NMET 90)

A. is offeredB. has offered

C. are offeredD. have offered

7. Nowadays, a large number of women,especially those from the countryside,_____ in the clothing industry. （2005辽宁）

A. is workingB. works

C. workD. worked

8. The number of people invited_____ fifty, but a number of them_____ absent for different reasons. (1996全国卷)

A. were; wasB. was; was

C. was; wereD. are; are

9. The construction of the two new railway lines_____ by now.(2006 陕西)

A. has been completed

B. have been completed

C. has completed

D. have completed

命题方式二：以整体与部分关系的形式呈现主语，增加主谓一致关联主体的判断难度。

例4： Most of what has been said about the Smiths_____ also true of the Johnsons. (2006 安徽)

A. areB. is

C. beingD. to be

解析：答案是B。句意：对于史密斯夫妇的评价的大多数也适用于Johnsons夫妇。what引导名词性从句做主语时，往往看作是一个整体, 谓语动词用单数形式。如：What you said is right. 句中部分为most，整体为what引导的一个名词性从句，此时依据语法规则，主谓一致应与从句保持一致。用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常与of后面的名词 / 代词保持一致。

例5： The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third_____ used regularly. Now we have 60 working all day long.（2006浙江）

A. isB. are

C. wasD. were

解析：答案是D。one-third指one-third of the notebook computers，为复数概念，谓语也应用复数形式。其中of表示整体与部分的关系，此时主谓一致应与整体computers保持一致。此题以省略的形式出现，易让学生误解并选错答案。

解题方法总结：在解答此类题时应找到句子主语哪一部分为整体，哪一部分为部分，而不能不加分析地被部分牵着鼻子走，将主谓一致与部分内容保持一致从而错选答案。（注意体会例题及高考大练兵题目中的黑体部分皆为句子整体与部分关系中的整体，主谓一致应与整体保持一致）

【高考大练兵】

10._____ of the land in that district_____covered with trees and grass. (2000 上海)

A. Two fifth; isB. Two fifth; are

C. Two fifths; isD. Two fifths; are

11. As a result of destroying the forests, a large_____ of desert_____ covered the land. (2001 上海)

A. number; hasB. quantity; has

C. number; haveD. quantity; have

12. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth_____ each year. (2005 山东)

A. is washing away

B. is being washed away

C. are washing away

D. are being washed away

命题方式三：以and, or, either ... or ... , neither ... nor ... , not only ... but also ...等的形式连结两个并列主语，让学生不知谓语应与哪个主语保持一致，或不知道主语是看作一件事的单数概念，还是两件事件的复数概念。

例6： When and where to go for the on-salary holiday_____ yet.(2003 上海春)

A. are not decided

B. have not been decided

C. is not being decided

D. has not been decided

解析：答案为D。尽管题中and并列when与where，但其后共有一个不定式，此时主语应看作一件事，即为单数概念。

用and连接的两个名词通常视为复数概念，但是下列情况比较特殊：用and连接的两个名词前都有冠词或其它修饰语时在数量上视为复数，如a worker and an engineer（一位工人和一位工程师）， a peasant and a writer（一位农民和一位作家）， the party secretary and the manager（党支部书记和经理）， the twelfth and the last lesson（第12课和最后一课）， my classmate and my friend（我的同学和另一位朋友）；用and连接的两个名词只在第一个名词前有冠词或修饰语时视为同一人或物，如a worker and engineer（一位工人兼工程师），a peasant and writer（一位农民作家），the party secretary and manager（党支部书记兼经理），the twelfth and last lesson（第12课即最后一课）,my classmate and friend（我的同学兼朋友）；用and连接的两个名词被看成整体做主语时动词用单数，如bread and butter（涂黄油的面包），a coat and tie（一件带领带的上衣），a needle and thread（一副针线），truth and honesty（真诚）；用and连接的两个名词前都有every, each, many a和no修饰时，做主语动词用单数。

解题方法总结：应熟记either ... or ... , neither ... nor ...连结并列主语时应采用就近一致的原则；而以and连结的主语的主谓一致的判断应分析主语是单数还是复数的概念。

【高考大练兵】

13. Either you or the headmaster_____ the prizes to those gifted students at the meeting.(1994全国卷)

A. is handing outB. are to hand out

C. are handing outD. is to hand out

14. A poet and artist_____ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.（2006江苏）

A. isB. are

C. wasD. were

15. Early to go to bed and early to rise_____a good habit.

A. areB. isC. wasD. were

16. The water and the food_____.

A. was run outB. were run out

C. was running outD. are running out

17. Every man and every woman_____ good reason to be proud of the work done by their parents.

A. hasB. have

C. is havingD. are having

18. All work and no play_____ Jack a dull boy.

A. is makingB. are making

C. makeD. makes

19. No teacher and no student_____ been admitted into the club.

A. haveB. hasC. isD. are

命题方式四：以主语单复数形式与概念不一致的情况为命题切入点，增加主语单复数概念的判断难度。

例7： Every possible means_____ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.(2000上海卷)

A. is usedB. are used

C. has been usedD. have been used

解析：答案为C。means是一个单复数同形的名词，它究竟是单数还是复数应依据语境来确定。题中every常用于修饰单数名词，因此其中的means为单数概念。

解题方法总结：应熟记一些特殊的单复数形式与概念不一致的情况，并依据语境作分析判断。请注意如下情况:

Many a fine man has died for it.许多优秀战士为此献出了生命。

Mathematics seems easy to me.我似乎觉得数学不难。

This works was（These works were） built two years ago.这（几）家工厂是两年前修建的。

The English speak English.英国人讲英语。

No news is good news.

Every means has（All means have） been tried. 各种办法都试过了。

这类名词通常还有fish，deer，sheep，plastics，manners（礼貌）等。（但news是不可数名词，通常只作单数用。）

答案： 1. C2. A3. A4. A5. D6. A 7. C8. C9. A10. C11. B12. D13. D14. A15. B16. D17. A18. D19. B