定语从句的误用及辨析

杜广云

定语从句是中学阶段的重要语法项目,也是考试的重点内容之一,但是有些同学在使用定语从句时总是把握不准。以下是学生经常出现的问题。

1. This is the book I bought it yesterday.

此句中先行词book后的关系代词that或which,因为在定语从句中作buy的宾语被省略了,如果再加it,就多了一个宾语,实属画蛇添足。

2. This is the factory where my father visited last year.

此句应将作地点状语的关系副词where改为关系代词that或which,因为定语从句中visit是及物动词,需要的是宾语而不是状语。

比较:This is the factory where my father worked last year.

本句是正确的,因为此句中定语从句中的work是不及物动词,不能直接加宾语,关系副词where在这里作地点状语。

又比较:This is the factory that/which my father worked in last year.

本句也是正确的,因为定语从句中work虽然是不及物动词,但其后加了一个介词in(不及物动词+介词,相当于及物动词),所以关系代词that或which作in的宾语。

3. I have two books, both of them are very interesting.

此句books后有逗号,说明后面接的是非限制性定语从句,应将人称代词them改为which。如果books后用句号,成为两个简单句,那么them就是正确的。即I have two books. Both of them are very interesting. 或者books后用连词and,就成了一个并列句,也是正确的。即I have two books and both of them are very interesting.

4. I passed the National Entrance Examination, that made my parents very happy.

此句应将that改为which,因为that不能在非限制性定语从句中充当关系代词使用。

5. This is the most interesting book which I have ever seen.

此句的关系代词which应改为that。因为指物的先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时,关系代词不能用which,只能用that。

又如:That was the first novel that I read last year.

6. This is one of the students who/that is good at English.

此句中的先行词为students,是复数形式,其后的谓语动词应为复数动词,所以is应改为are。

试比较:This is the only one of the students who hat is good at English.

本句是正确的,因为此句中的先行词为不定代词one,是单数形式,所以定语从句中的系动词用单数is是正确的。

7. All what I need is time.

此句中应将what改为that,因为当先行词是all, everything, nothing等词时,关系代词用that. 另外,what是疑问代词,而不是关系代词。

又如:I can do all that I can to help you.

Everything that can be done has been done.

8. This is the film about that we talked just now.

此句的关系代词that应改为which,当把介词提到关系代词前时,如果指物用关系代词which,指人用whom,但如果将介词后置,那么用that也是正确的。即:This is the film that we talked about just now.

9. It was yesterday when I bought the watch.

此句误将强调句型当作定语从句。强调句型的结构为:It+be的形式(is或was)+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分。

此句应为:It was yesterday that I bought the watch.

又如:It was Tom that/who broke the glass.

10. He made a promise which he would buy me a dictionary.

此句把同位语从句误当作定语从句,在同位语从句中用that连接,that不作任何成分,但不能省略。所以该句应为:He made a promise that he would buy me a dictionary.