廖茂良+叶银燕+熊娅琳
[摘要] 目的 探讨切除修复交叉互补基因 1(ERCC1) 和核苷酸还原酶M1亚基(RRM1) 表达与Ⅱ~Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)术后吉西他滨联合顺铂(GP方案)辅助化疗预后的关系。方法 实时荧光定量PCR法检测ERCC1、RRM1表达,Cox回归分析筛选影响预后的独立危险因子,Kaplan -Meier生存曲线分析比较各组患者的中位生存时间。结果 TNM分期、术后辅助化疗与否、手术彻底程度为影响术后生存时间的独立危险因子。 ERCC1或RRM1低表达组中化疗患者中位生存期显著优于未化疗患者(P 均<0.01)。结论 ERCC1或RRM1低表达的NSCLC患者更能从GP方案化疗中受益。
[关键词] 非小细胞肺癌;吉西他滨/顺铂;ERCC1;RRM1
[中图分类号] R734.2 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2014)17-0137-04
Effects of expression of ERCC1, RRM1 on survival trend of stage Ⅱ~Ⅳ non small cell lung cancer with gemcitabine combine cisplatin chemotherapy after surgical resection
LIAO Maoliang YE Yinyan XIONG Yalin
Department of Clinical Laboratory, Cixi Union Hospital in Zhejiang Province,Cixi 315301, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of expression of excision repair cross complementing gene 1 (ERCC1), ribonucleotide reductase subunit M1(RRM1) on prognosis of stage Ⅱ~Ⅳ non small cell lung cancer with gemcitabine combine cisplatin chemotherapy after Surgical Resection. Methods Real-time PCR was performed to investigate ERCC1, RRM1 expression. Cox proportional regression analysis was used to screen independent prognostic risk factors for survival. The median survival time among groups were compared by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results TNM stage, chemotherapy after surgical resection andthe extent of tumor resection were independent prognostic factors. In the group with low expression of ERCC1 or RRM1, the median survival time of patients who had received postoperative chemotherapy was significantly improved (P<0.01). Conclusion The NSCLC patients with low expression of ERCC1 or low expression of RRM1 get more probablely benefits from postoperative gemcitabine combine cisplatin chemotherapy.
[Key words] Non small cell lung cancer; Gemcitabine/cisplatin; ERCC1; RRM1
绝大部分肺癌获得诊断时均已到临床Ⅱ期及以上,诊断时单纯手术根治的机会亦较小,术后通常需要辅助化疗来改善预后[1]。近年来,多项国际临床研究已初步证实辅助化疗能改善术后非小细胞肺癌 (non small cell lung cancer,NSCLC) 患者的生存[1-3]。然而,目前研究的辅助化疗方案仅能使近25%~30%的患者在长期生存中获益[4-6]。因此,如何选择最佳化疗方案、以实现个体化治疗策略、提高辅助化疗疗效,成为研究的新课题。研究表明[7-9],切除修复交叉互补基因1(ERCC1)是与铂类耐药性相关的分子预测标记、核苷酸还原酶M1亚基(RRM1)与吉西他滨(gemcitabine,GEMZ) 耐药相关的分子标记物。目前普遍认为,ERCC1、RRM1基因均与细胞内核苷酸切除修复系统的DNA损伤修复有关,因此也被认为可能与化疗个体化差异有关。目前临床中常用的辅助化疗方案中,吉西他滨联合顺铂(GP)方案为标准化治疗方案之一。为明确常见分子标记物对NSCLC术后常用辅助化疗方案疗效的预测价值,本文拟探讨Ⅱ期及Ⅱ期以上癌组织中ERCC1、RRM1表达水平与术后接受GP方案辅助化疗疗效及预后的关系。
1.资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择我院2010年1月~2012年12月的非小细胞肺癌病例63例(手术完全切除49例),以实时荧光定量PCR法检测癌组织中ERCC1、RRM1基因表达。对63例患者进行随机分组,其中化疗组38例,接受2周期以上GP方案辅助化疗(吉西他滨1250 mg/m2第1、8天,顺铂75 mg/m2第1天),未化疗组25例,不进行化疗,定期随访。男45例,女18例。年龄36~79岁,平均56.56岁。组织病理学分类:腺鳞癌8例(12.7%), 腺癌20例(31.7%),鳞癌35例(55.6%);分化程度:低分化6例(9.5%), 中低分化18例(28.6%),中分化23例(36.5%),高中分化9例(14.3%),高分化7例(11.1%);临床分期:ⅡA期6例(9.5%),ⅡB期15例(23.8%),ⅢA期18例(28.6%),ⅢB期20例(31.7%),Ⅳ期4例(6.4%)。Ⅳ期患者中同侧不同肺叶转移结节1例,骨转移1例;脑或肝转移2例。endprint
1.2 治疗方法
盐酸吉西他滨(又名泽菲,江苏豪森药业股份有限公司, 国药准字H20030105),根据体表面积(BSA)调整剂量:1 000 mg/m2静脉滴注30 min,每周1次,连续3周,随后休息1周,每4周重复1次。联合顺铂25 mg/m2静滴qd,d1~3化疗,每3周重复。最多接受6个周期化疗。
1.3 非小细胞肺癌组织中ERCC1、RRM1表达的检测 1.3.1 检测方法 实时荧光定量PCR法。
1.3.2 检测原理 在PCR反应体系中加入荧光基团,利用荧光信号积累实时监测整个PCR进程,最后通过标准曲线对未知模板进行定量分析。
1.3.3 仪器 荧光PCR仪ABI7500 ABI公司。
1.3.4 试剂 TOYOBO公司:ReverTraqPCRRTkitFSQ-101Hotstar Taq Polymerase。
1.3.5 操作步骤 ①收集石蜡切片上的相应组织部分到1.5 mL离心管中,加入1 mL的组织透明液进行脱蜡,利用无水乙醇去除组织透明液。风干后使用试剂盒,加入蛋白酶和裂解液后加热裂解,再加入DNA酶去除DNA,通过利用离心柱得到RNA,最后加入溶解液通过高速离心得到RNA。②逆转录:逆转录的体系是10 μL,其中5×RT Buffer2 μL,RT Enzyme-Mix 0.5 μL,PrimerMix 0.5 μL,RNA2 μL,DEPC水补齐至10 μL。反应条件37℃ 45 min,98℃ 5 min。③荧光定量:取2 μL逆转录好的cDNA加入到20 μLReal-Time PCR(实时荧光定量PCR)反应体系中,在PCR ABI 7500仪器上进行扩增,反应条件:95℃10 min;95℃30 s,60℃1 min,40循环。
1.3.6 计算 以相应基因检测CT值(ERCC1 CT,RRM1 CT)和管家基因的CT值(GAPDH CT)计算,ΔCt= CT(ERBB1)- CT(GAPDH),检测值I=E 2ΔCt。
1.3.7 结果判断标准[10,11] I高于标准的判为高表达,I低于标准的,判为低表达。
1.4 疗效按实体瘤评价标准(RECIST)[12]
完全缓解(CR)、部分缓解(PR)、疾病稳定(SD)、疾病进展(PD)。达到完全缓解(CR)或部分缓解(PR)为化疗有效,疾病稳定(SD)或疾病进展(PD)为化疗无效。
1.5 统计学方法
采用SPSS 15.0统计软件进行统计分析,组间差异采用卡方检验。生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法,生存率的比较采用Log-rank检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1基因ERCC1、RRM1的表达与化疗有效率(CR+PR)的关系
基因表达与化疗有效率的关系(表1),ERCC1低表达组化疗有效率为84.8%,明显高于高表达组10.0%(χ2=16.286,P<0.01);RRM1低表达组化疗有效率为88.9%,明显高于高表达组11.1%(χ2=15.762,P<0.01) 。按照GP治疗方案 ERCC1和RRM1同时低表达者,治疗有效率为93.8%,而ERCC1和RRM1同时高表达者,治疗有效率仅为9.1%,差异有显著性(χ2=19.149, P<0.01)。
表1 ERCC1、RRM1表达水平与疗效的关系
2.2 肺癌组织ERCC1 mRNA表达水平与预后的关系
在肺癌组织ERCC1高表达患者中,未化疗组和化疗组中位生存期分别为22个月和25个月,差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.936,P>0.05,封三图4A)。而ERCC1低表达患者中,未化疗组和化疗组中位生存期分别为15个月和44个月,差异有高度统计学意义(χ2=10.865,P<0.01,封三图4B)。
2.3 肺癌组织RRM1 mRNA表达水平与预后的关系
在肺癌细胞RRM1低表达患者中,未化疗组和化疗组中位生存期分别为21个月和43个月,差异具有高度统计学意义(χ2=9.998,P<0.01,封三图4C)。而在RRM1 高表达患者中,未化疗组和化疗组中位生存期分别为20个月和26个月,差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.742,P>0.05,封三图4D)。
2.4 影响术后生存时间的独立危险因素
采用Cox比例风险回归分析,对TNM分期、病灶切除程度、化疗与否、细胞分化程度、组织病理学类型、及ERCC1、RRM1表达水平进行多因素回归分析(α入=0.05,α出=0.10)。化疗组中位生存期优于未化疗组(χ2=11.412,P<0.01,RR=2.915,95%CI:1.503~4.453, R2=0.989);完全切除术患者比不完全切除术患者中位生存期长(χ2 =10.441,P<0.01,RR=2.264, 95%CI:1.203~3.512, R2=0.991)。TNM分期 (Ⅱ~Ⅳ期) Ⅱ期患者中位生存期优于Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期患者(χ2 =12.901,P<0.01,RR=1.820,95%CI:1.281~2.539,R2=0.994)。ERCC1低表达组患者中位生存期优于高表达组患者(χ2 =4.443,P>0.05,RR=0.736,95%CI:0.364~1.208, R2=0.856);RRM1低表达组患者中位生存期优于高表达组患者(χ2 =3.564,P>0.05,RR= 0.822,95%CI:0.399~1.432,R2=0.823)。结果表明,TNM分期、化疗与否、病灶切除程度为影响术后生存时间的独立危险因素,而ERCC1、RRM1表达水平并非影响生存期的独立危险因素(表2)。endprint
表2 非小细胞肺癌的临床及病理特征对中位生存期(MST)影响的 COX 生存分析
3 讨论
在核苷酸切除修复系统(nucleo-tides excision repair,NER)途径中,DNA切除修复交叉互补基因1(excision repair crosscomplementing gene1,ERCC1)是核苷酸剪切修复家族中的重要成员,起着DNA损伤识别和链间切割的关键作用,ERCC1高表达可迅速修复因损伤DNA而停滞在G2/M 期的细胞,而顺铂-DNA结合物的切除修复正是通过NER途径进行,导致对顺铂不敏感[13,14]。Aggarwal、Lord等[15,16]通过检测术后标本ERCC1的表达来分析其与铂类治疗疗效的关系,回顾性分析发现,顺铂辅助化疗仅使ERCC1低表达者获益。说明ERCC1 的高表达可能导致患者对铂类不敏感,也就是说ERCC1的表达与铂类治疗疗效预后负相关,表达越低疗效越好[17-20]。本研究结果显示,ERCC1高表达组与低表达组间MST差异无统计学意义,说明ERCC1并非影响生存期的独立危险因子。但ERCC1表达与患者手术后含铂化疗方案的生存受益有关,同为接受术后含铂化疗方案,ERCC1蛋白低表达者生存期显著延长(P<0.01),ERCC1蛋白高表达者生存期则未见显著延长(P>0.05)。与以上研究的结论一致。
核苷酸还原酶1(ribonucleotide reductase subunit 1,RRM1)是核苷类似物化疗药物吉西他滨的结合位点,通过控制底物的特异性和核苷酸还原酶的活性在细胞内DNA合成通路中起限速作用[21-23],高表达时会对吉西他滨通过竞争干扰DNA的合成而起到杀伤肿瘤的目的产生影响。Lee等[24]通过体外调节RRM1表达来了解吉西他滨、顺铂抑制50%肿瘤细胞所需的浓度(IC50)来反映耐药情况, 结果显示吉西他滨疗效与RRM1mRNA的表达呈负相关,提示吉西他滨对低表达者疗效好,高表达者差。本研究结果显示:RRM1的表达水平与MST无关,提示RRM1并非NSCLC的影响生存期的独立危险因子。但在肺癌组织RRM1低表达者中,术后GP方案化疗组中位生存期较未化疗组明显延长(P<0.01),而在RRM1高表达者中,化疗组与未化疗组的中位生存期差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),提示GP方案术后辅助化疗更有可能在RRM1低表达者的非小细胞肺癌人群中受益。
通过对接受辅助化疗者生存分析显示:在肺癌组织ERCC1高表达患者中,未化疗组和化疗组中位生存期分别为22个月和25个月,差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.936,P>0.05)。而ERCC1低表达患者中,未化疗组和化疗组中位生存期分别为15个月和44个月,差异有高度统计学意义(χ2=10.865,P<0.01)。在肺癌细胞RRM1低表达患者中,未化疗组和化疗组中位生存期分别为21个月和43个月,差异具有高度统计学意义(χ2=9.998,P <0.01)。而在RRM1 高表达患者中,未化疗组和化疗组中位生存期分别为20个月和26个月,差异不具有统计学意义(χ2=2.742,P>0.05)。与国外研究结论一致[23,24]。
本文探讨的可影响NSCLC患者术后生存时间的7个因子中,经Cox回归分析表明,仅TNM分期、术后接受GP方案辅助化疗与否及手术切除程度为影响术后生存时间的独立危险因素(P<0.01),而NSCLC的病理类型、分化程度对MST的影响,课题组拟扩大样本继续追踪观察,进一步分层分析来观察。ERCC1和RRM1的表达水平可能仅对化疗方案的疗效有一定预测价值,而非NSCLC患者影响MST的预后独立危险因子。
综上所述,通过对63例Ⅱ~Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌患者ERCC1和RRM1的表达水平检测与铂类药物与吉西他滨联合(GP方案)化疗生存趋势分析,进一步验证了国内外有关非小细胞肺癌患者ERCC1和RRM1的表达水平与化疗疗效的相关报道。为预测辅助化疗疗效、延长NSCLC患者中位生存期提供有价值的分子标志物,为临床个体化用药提供可参考的依据。
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(收稿日期:2013-02-25)endprint
[6] Reynolds C,Obasaju C,Schell MJ,et al. Randomized phase Ⅲ trial of gemcitabine-based chemotherapy with in situ RRM1 and ERCC1 protein levels for response prediction in non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. J Clin Oncol,2009,27(34):5808-5815.
[7] Wang TB, Zhang NL,Wang SH,et al. Expession of ERCCl lung BRCAl predict the clinical ontcome of non-small cell lung cancer in patients receiving platinum-based chemo therapy[J]. Genet Mol Res,2014,13(2):3704-3710.
[8] 吴颖,宋勇,刘红兵. 切除修复交叉互补酶1 在非小细胞肺癌中的表达及其对术后铂类辅助化疗的影响[J]. 医学研究生学报,2009,22(2):150-153.
[9] Jemal A,Siegel R,Ward E,et al. Cancer statistics,2008[J]. CA Cancer J Clin,2008,58(2):71-96.
[10] Simon GR, Sharma S, Cantor A, et al. ERCC1 expression is a predictor of survival in resected patients with non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Chest,2005,127(3):978-983.
[11] Bepler G,Sharma S,Cantor A,et al. RRM1 and PTEN as prognostic parameters for overall and disease-free survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer[J]. J Clin Oncol,2004,22(10):1878-1885.
[12] 柯红,崔洁,王小松,等. ERCC1、RRM1和TUBB3指导个体化化疗方案治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的评价[J]. 重庆医科大学学报,2013,38(5):502-505.
[13] 汪宏斌,杨俊泉,王晓红,等. 晚期非小细胞肺癌ERCC1 表达与顺铂化疗疗效相关性研究[J]. 第四军医大学学报,2009,30(4):351-354.
[14] Simon GR,Schell MJ,Begum M,et al. Preliminary indication of survival benefit from ERCC1 and RRM1-tailored chemotherapy in patients with advanced non small cell lung cancer:Evidence from an individual patient analysis[J]. Cancer,2012,118(9):2525-2531.
[15] Aggarwal C,Somaiah N,Simon GR,et al. Biomarkers with predictive and prognostic function in non-small cell lung cancer:Ready for prime time[J]. J Natl Compr Canc Netw,2010,8(7):822-832.
[16] Lord RV,B rabender J,Gandara D,et al. Low ERCC 1 express ioncorre -lates with prolonged su rvival after cisp latin plu s gem citab inech emothe rapy in non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. Clin Cancer Res,2009,8(7):2286-2291.
[17] Boukovinas I,Papadaki C,Mendez P,et al. Tumor BRCA1,RRM1 and RRM2 mRNA expression levels and clinical response to first line gemcita bine plus docetaxel in non-small-cell lungcancer patients[J]. PLoS One,2008,3(11) :e3695.
[18] Adams VR, Harvey RD. Histological and genetic markers for non-small cell lung cancer:customizing treatment based on individual tumor biology[J]. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2010,67(1 Suppl 1):S3-S9.
[19] Shimizu T,Nakanishi Y,Nakagawa Y. Association betweenexpression of thymidylate synthase,dihydrofolate reductase,and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase and efficacy of pemetrexed in advanced non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Anticancer Res,2012,32(10):4589-4596.
[20] Shiraishi K,Kohno T,Tanai C,et al. Association of DNA repair gene polymorphisms with response to platinum-based doublet chemo-therapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. J Clin Oncol,2010,28(33):4945-4952.
[21] 王芳,金建华,王月. 晚期非小细胞肺癌ERCC1表达水平与铂类标准方案化疗疗效的研究[J]. 医学综述,2010, 16(23):3669-3670.
[22] 皇甫娟,李文永,宋明霞. 双铂联合吉西他滨治疗老年中晚期肺癌的临床疗效观察[J]. 中国医药指南,2012, 10:29-31.
[23] Ren SX,Li AW,Zhou SW,et al. Individualized chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC patients based on mRNA levels of BR-CA1 and RRM1[J]. Chin J Cancer Res,2012,24(3):226-231.
[24] Lee JJ,Maeng CH,Baek SK,et al. Eimmunohistochemical overexpression of ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M1(RRM1) protein is a predictor of shorter survival to gemcitabine-based chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)[J]. Lung Cancer,2010,70(2):205-210.
(收稿日期:2013-02-25)endprint
[6] Reynolds C,Obasaju C,Schell MJ,et al. Randomized phase Ⅲ trial of gemcitabine-based chemotherapy with in situ RRM1 and ERCC1 protein levels for response prediction in non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. J Clin Oncol,2009,27(34):5808-5815.
[7] Wang TB, Zhang NL,Wang SH,et al. Expession of ERCCl lung BRCAl predict the clinical ontcome of non-small cell lung cancer in patients receiving platinum-based chemo therapy[J]. Genet Mol Res,2014,13(2):3704-3710.
[8] 吴颖,宋勇,刘红兵. 切除修复交叉互补酶1 在非小细胞肺癌中的表达及其对术后铂类辅助化疗的影响[J]. 医学研究生学报,2009,22(2):150-153.
[9] Jemal A,Siegel R,Ward E,et al. Cancer statistics,2008[J]. CA Cancer J Clin,2008,58(2):71-96.
[10] Simon GR, Sharma S, Cantor A, et al. ERCC1 expression is a predictor of survival in resected patients with non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Chest,2005,127(3):978-983.
[11] Bepler G,Sharma S,Cantor A,et al. RRM1 and PTEN as prognostic parameters for overall and disease-free survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer[J]. J Clin Oncol,2004,22(10):1878-1885.
[12] 柯红,崔洁,王小松,等. ERCC1、RRM1和TUBB3指导个体化化疗方案治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的评价[J]. 重庆医科大学学报,2013,38(5):502-505.
[13] 汪宏斌,杨俊泉,王晓红,等. 晚期非小细胞肺癌ERCC1 表达与顺铂化疗疗效相关性研究[J]. 第四军医大学学报,2009,30(4):351-354.
[14] Simon GR,Schell MJ,Begum M,et al. Preliminary indication of survival benefit from ERCC1 and RRM1-tailored chemotherapy in patients with advanced non small cell lung cancer:Evidence from an individual patient analysis[J]. Cancer,2012,118(9):2525-2531.
[15] Aggarwal C,Somaiah N,Simon GR,et al. Biomarkers with predictive and prognostic function in non-small cell lung cancer:Ready for prime time[J]. J Natl Compr Canc Netw,2010,8(7):822-832.
[16] Lord RV,B rabender J,Gandara D,et al. Low ERCC 1 express ioncorre -lates with prolonged su rvival after cisp latin plu s gem citab inech emothe rapy in non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. Clin Cancer Res,2009,8(7):2286-2291.
[17] Boukovinas I,Papadaki C,Mendez P,et al. Tumor BRCA1,RRM1 and RRM2 mRNA expression levels and clinical response to first line gemcita bine plus docetaxel in non-small-cell lungcancer patients[J]. PLoS One,2008,3(11) :e3695.
[18] Adams VR, Harvey RD. Histological and genetic markers for non-small cell lung cancer:customizing treatment based on individual tumor biology[J]. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2010,67(1 Suppl 1):S3-S9.
[19] Shimizu T,Nakanishi Y,Nakagawa Y. Association betweenexpression of thymidylate synthase,dihydrofolate reductase,and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase and efficacy of pemetrexed in advanced non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Anticancer Res,2012,32(10):4589-4596.
[20] Shiraishi K,Kohno T,Tanai C,et al. Association of DNA repair gene polymorphisms with response to platinum-based doublet chemo-therapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. J Clin Oncol,2010,28(33):4945-4952.
[21] 王芳,金建华,王月. 晚期非小细胞肺癌ERCC1表达水平与铂类标准方案化疗疗效的研究[J]. 医学综述,2010, 16(23):3669-3670.
[22] 皇甫娟,李文永,宋明霞. 双铂联合吉西他滨治疗老年中晚期肺癌的临床疗效观察[J]. 中国医药指南,2012, 10:29-31.
[23] Ren SX,Li AW,Zhou SW,et al. Individualized chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC patients based on mRNA levels of BR-CA1 and RRM1[J]. Chin J Cancer Res,2012,24(3):226-231.
[24] Lee JJ,Maeng CH,Baek SK,et al. Eimmunohistochemical overexpression of ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M1(RRM1) protein is a predictor of shorter survival to gemcitabine-based chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)[J]. Lung Cancer,2010,70(2):205-210.
(收稿日期:2013-02-25)endprint