耐STI571的K562细胞株的建立及生物学特性考察

2014-07-09 01:51张琼王莉莉杨利
中国医学创新 2014年16期
关键词:耐药

张琼++王莉莉++杨利

【摘要】 目的:建立1株耐STI571的K562细胞,并对其生物学特性进行研究分析,探讨耐药机理。方法:通过递增STI571药物浓度的方法,成功建立1株耐STI571人白血病细胞株K562/R,并采用RT-PCR、Western-blot、免疫组化、基因测序等生物学手段对其进行耐药机理进行分析。结果:K562/R细胞株在STI571浓度高达1 μmol/L水平,仍能稳定生长,繁殖旺盛。K562/R细胞株耐STI57程度较亲代K562细胞多达235倍,该耐药细胞株对HHT﹑VCR﹑DNR具有不同程度的交叉耐药性,与亲代K562细胞比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与亲代敏感株K562细胞相比,其BCR-ABL基因表达上调,BCR-ABL蛋白及其激酶过度表达。结论:成功建立耐STI571人白血病细胞株K562/R,并对其生物学特性的研究,为STI571耐药机制的进一步深入研究和抗耐药抑制剂的筛选提供了有效的平台。

【关键词】 K562; STI571; 耐药; BCR-ABL

Establishment and Characterization Study of STI571-resistant K562 Cell Line/ZHANG Qiong,WANG Li-li,YANG Li-hong.//Medical Innovation of China,2014,11(16):001-004

【Abstract】 Objective:To establish a STI571-resistant K562 cell line and investigate its biological characteristics and resistance pathogenesis.Method:By incrementing STI571 concentration, a human leukemia cell line K562/R was established successfully, which had strain resistant to STI571, and investigated its biological characteristics and resistance pathogenesis used RT-PCR, Western-blot, immunohistochemistry and gene sequencing. Result: The K562/R cell line was steady growth and exuberant reproduction at the circumstance contained 1 μmol/L STI571. Compared to parental K562 cells, its resistance level to STI57 up to 235 times, at the same time it had varying degrees cross-resistance to HHT, DNR and VCR, compared with K562 cells, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Compared with the parental sensitive K562 cells, BCR-ABL gene expression level was raised, BCR-ABL protein and its kinase expression excessive.Conclusion:Successfully establish a STI571-resistant human leukemia cell line K562/R, and investigate its biological characteristics and resistance pathogenesis, those provided an effective platform for further research of STI571 drug resistance mechanism and screening for anti-drug inhibitor.

【Key words】 K562; STI571; Resistance; BCR-ABL

First-authors address:Heilongjiang Institute of Inspection for Food and Drug,Harbin 150001,China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.16.001

白血病(leukemia),俗称的血癌,是由多种病因诱发的一类造血干细胞克隆性恶性疾病,国内的发病率约为10万分之2.76,为儿童和35岁以下成人死亡的主要病因[1-2]。慢性髓性白血病(CML)是一种起源于造血干细胞的恶性增生性疾病,临床上分期有慢性期、加速期和急变期[3]。该疾病,主要是由于BCR-ABL基因的变异致使BCR-ABL融合蛋白的异常表达,进而使得细胞分裂的方式不再受正常控制,促使白细胞的异常增殖进而导致该疾病的发生[4-5]。CML在国内占各类白血病的15%~20%,占各种慢性病的95%,病程一般持续4年左右,随着疾病进展对治疗的逐渐不敏感,因此该疾病对我国人口健康造成了很大的危害[6]。

STI571,商品名为格列卫(Glivec或Gleevec)为近年来开发的基因靶向治疗药物,根据CML的分子发病机制,以BCR-ABL蛋白激酶的ATP结合位点结构为基础,通过计算机辅助设计,人工合成了ABL激酶的ATP结合位点竞争性抑制剂,是针对CML特异的分子异常进行的一种靶向分子药物。尽管大多数CML患者对STI571具有明显的血液和细胞遗传学反应,但相当一部分患者,尤其是加速期和急变期患者对STI571产生了原发或获得性耐药,在临床上严重影响了该药的治疗效果,从而约束了STI571的应用[7-8]。因此,本实验通过建立耐STI571的K562细胞株,对其生物学特性进行考察,研究其致病机理。研究FDB联合STI571诱导K562细胞耐药性的差异,并对其治疗效果进行研究分析,探讨耐药机理,为抗耐药的治疗途径及开发新的治疗药物提供一些参考和思路。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验用细胞 人白血病细胞株K562(购自中国医学科学院细胞中心)。

1.2 实验方法

1.2.1 耐STI571细胞株建立 取对数生长期的K562细胞,通过逐渐递增STI571的浓度,诱导在1 μmol/L STI571的条件下,稳定生长,快速增殖的细胞株命名为K562/R细胞株。

1.2.2 MTT法测定K562/R细胞对STI571及常见化疗药物的IC50 取脱离STI571培养2周的K562/R细胞和敏感株K562细胞接种于96孔板,加入以RPMI1640培养稀释的不同浓度的STI571,以相同体积的培养液为空白对照,通过MTT法测定药物的抑制率,并计算其对STI571的IC50。

1.2.3 RT-PCR检测K562/R细胞BCR-ABL基因的表达及序列分析 提取K562/R细胞总RNA并对其量和纯度进行鉴定,反转录扩增BCR-ABL基因,对BCR-ABL扩增产物回收并测序。

1.2.4 蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)测定K562/R细胞BCR-ABL蛋白及其酪氨酸激酶的表达 提取K562/R细胞总蛋白,采用Lowry法测定蛋白浓度,将转移至膜的BCR-ABL蛋白用ALPHA INNOTECH化学发光成像系统进行光密度扫描,以各组目的蛋白条带光密度值对内参蛋白光密度值计算相对比值。

1.3 统计学处理 采用SPSS11.5统计学软件对数据进行处理,计量资料以(x±s)表示,比较采用t检验,以P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

3 讨论

CML患者有90%以上存在特征性的pH染色体及BCR-ABL融合基因,其治疗关键是在慢性期能否够获得分子水平的缓解。STI571是一种针对CML的靶向药物,该类酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,为CML的治疗带来了希望[9]。然而,CML患者对酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的治疗反应与个体BCR-ABL基因变异密切相关,另外在CML的治疗过程中,研究人员和医疗人员发现,使用STI571治疗数周或者数月内,多数患者出现了不同程度的耐药性,同时临床上STI571的使用频率不断增加,目前STI571引起的耐药性问题越来越严重[10-11]。在耐药和复发性CML患者中已经发现100种BCR-ABL基因的突变[12]。这些变异干扰激酶抑制剂的亲和力,同时也改变了BCR-ABL的生物学功能,其中有些变异具有广泛耐药行性,是目前临床上最难以克服的一种基因突变[13-15]。

本实验通过逐步增加STI571浓度的作法,最终得到了与敏感细胞相比耐药倍数为235倍的K562/R细胞株,该细胞在STI571作用下,细胞形态无明显改变,生长稳定,增殖迅速;绘制细胞的生长曲线发现,K562/R细胞生长趋势与正常K562细胞没有太大差异。通过RT-PCR检测到K562/R细胞BCR-ABL基因mRNA水平升高,其编码的BCR-ABL蛋白过度表达,致使BCR-ABL激酶重新活化,过度增殖,表明BCR-ABL基因及其表达产物与CML的STI571耐药密切相关。在对耐药细胞交叉耐药性的检测,表明耐药细胞对HHT、VCR、DNR具有不同程度的交叉耐药性,与敏感细胞株相比具有明显的统计学意义(P<0.05),BCR-ABL基因和表达产物与其他药物的耐药性可能存在相关性,相应结果和结论还有待于进一步探讨和验证[16-20]。

综上所述,本研究成功建立的K562/R细胞株,为STI571耐药机制的研究和抗耐药抑制剂的体外筛选提供了有效的实践平台。初步分析了BCR-ABL基因及其表达产物与CML的STI571耐药和交叉耐药性的相关性。虽然STI571产生了耐药,但相信随着基因工程技术的发展以及辅助设计的深入,耐药机制谜团的进一步解释,在CML治疗过程中患者对酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的耐药性最终会得到解决。同时由于STI571的出现开创了靶标药物的新时代,结合高通量筛选、分子模拟和各种生物技术在药物研究中的联合应用,目前已有许多类似新药带来令人振奋的效果,其中AMN107和BMS-354825两种化合物有望弥补STI571耐药的缺陷。

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[13] Mian A A,Schull M,Zhao Z,et al.The gatekeeper mutation T315I confers resistance against small molecules by increasing or restoring the ABL-kinase activity accompanied by aberrant transphosphorylation of endogenous BCR, even in loss-of-function mutants of BCR/ABL[J].Leukemia,2009,23(16):1614-1621.

[14] Velev N,Cortes J,Champlin R,et al.Stem cell transplantation for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitors with BCR-ABL kinase domain mutation T315I[J].Cancer,2010,116(25):3631-3637.

[15] Noronha G,Cao J,Chow C P,et al.Inhibitors of ABL and the ABL-T315I mutation[J].Curr Top Med Chem,2008,18(8):905-921.

[16]宋洪生,吴芳.外源性p21waf1基因转染对人胃癌细胞系BGC-823增殖的影响[J].中国医学创新,2013,10(1):3-5.

[17]饶新辉,刘汉云,梁锦崧,等.大剂量沐舒坦对肺癌手术患者并发症的影响[J].中国医学创新,2013,10(1):6-7.

[18]余涌珠,何冬梅,李江滨,等.肉桂抑制人宫颈癌细胞生长增殖的体外研究[J].中国医学创新,2013,10(1):13-14.

[19]文桂娟,唐海玲,曾庆清.腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤微创剔除手术配合[J].中国医学创新,2013,10(1):63-64.

[20]黄丽如,冯惠霞,陈柳.阿米福汀配合鼻咽癌诱导化疗及同期放化疗的护理体会[J].中国医学创新,2013,10(1):67-68.

(收稿日期:2014-03-28) (本文编辑:蔡元元)

[7]周敏,仇惠英,何广胜.伊马替尼治疗慢性髓性白血病过程中发生耐药的多因素分析[J].中华血液学杂志,2013,34(5):395-398.

[8] Druker B J,Guilhot F,O'Brien S G,et al.Five-year follow-up of patients receiving imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia[J].N Engl J Med,2006,355(45):2408-2417.

[9] Okuda K,Weisberg E,Gilliland D G,et al.ARG tyrosine kinase activity is inhibited by STI571[J].Blood,2001,97(12):2440-2448.

[10] Huang Q,Li X Q,Yang Y,et al.Influence of BCR-ABL inhibitor STI571 on SARI expression in K562 cells[J].Journal of Experimental Hematology,2011,19(12):865-868.

[11] Qin Q,Chen X P,Yang Z S,et al.Neferine increases STI571 chemosensitivity via inhibition of P-gp expression in STI571-resistant K562 cells[J].Leuk Lymphoma,2011,52(2):694-700.

[12] Hughes T,Deininger M,Hochhaus A,et al.Monitoring CML patients responding to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors: review and recommendations for harmonizing current methodology for detecting BCR-ABL transcripts and kinase domain mutations and for expressing results[J].Blood,2006,108(23):28-37.

[13] Mian A A,Schull M,Zhao Z,et al.The gatekeeper mutation T315I confers resistance against small molecules by increasing or restoring the ABL-kinase activity accompanied by aberrant transphosphorylation of endogenous BCR, even in loss-of-function mutants of BCR/ABL[J].Leukemia,2009,23(16):1614-1621.

[14] Velev N,Cortes J,Champlin R,et al.Stem cell transplantation for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitors with BCR-ABL kinase domain mutation T315I[J].Cancer,2010,116(25):3631-3637.

[15] Noronha G,Cao J,Chow C P,et al.Inhibitors of ABL and the ABL-T315I mutation[J].Curr Top Med Chem,2008,18(8):905-921.

[16]宋洪生,吴芳.外源性p21waf1基因转染对人胃癌细胞系BGC-823增殖的影响[J].中国医学创新,2013,10(1):3-5.

[17]饶新辉,刘汉云,梁锦崧,等.大剂量沐舒坦对肺癌手术患者并发症的影响[J].中国医学创新,2013,10(1):6-7.

[18]余涌珠,何冬梅,李江滨,等.肉桂抑制人宫颈癌细胞生长增殖的体外研究[J].中国医学创新,2013,10(1):13-14.

[19]文桂娟,唐海玲,曾庆清.腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤微创剔除手术配合[J].中国医学创新,2013,10(1):63-64.

[20]黄丽如,冯惠霞,陈柳.阿米福汀配合鼻咽癌诱导化疗及同期放化疗的护理体会[J].中国医学创新,2013,10(1):67-68.

(收稿日期:2014-03-28) (本文编辑:蔡元元)

[7]周敏,仇惠英,何广胜.伊马替尼治疗慢性髓性白血病过程中发生耐药的多因素分析[J].中华血液学杂志,2013,34(5):395-398.

[8] Druker B J,Guilhot F,O'Brien S G,et al.Five-year follow-up of patients receiving imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia[J].N Engl J Med,2006,355(45):2408-2417.

[9] Okuda K,Weisberg E,Gilliland D G,et al.ARG tyrosine kinase activity is inhibited by STI571[J].Blood,2001,97(12):2440-2448.

[10] Huang Q,Li X Q,Yang Y,et al.Influence of BCR-ABL inhibitor STI571 on SARI expression in K562 cells[J].Journal of Experimental Hematology,2011,19(12):865-868.

[11] Qin Q,Chen X P,Yang Z S,et al.Neferine increases STI571 chemosensitivity via inhibition of P-gp expression in STI571-resistant K562 cells[J].Leuk Lymphoma,2011,52(2):694-700.

[12] Hughes T,Deininger M,Hochhaus A,et al.Monitoring CML patients responding to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors: review and recommendations for harmonizing current methodology for detecting BCR-ABL transcripts and kinase domain mutations and for expressing results[J].Blood,2006,108(23):28-37.

[13] Mian A A,Schull M,Zhao Z,et al.The gatekeeper mutation T315I confers resistance against small molecules by increasing or restoring the ABL-kinase activity accompanied by aberrant transphosphorylation of endogenous BCR, even in loss-of-function mutants of BCR/ABL[J].Leukemia,2009,23(16):1614-1621.

[14] Velev N,Cortes J,Champlin R,et al.Stem cell transplantation for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitors with BCR-ABL kinase domain mutation T315I[J].Cancer,2010,116(25):3631-3637.

[15] Noronha G,Cao J,Chow C P,et al.Inhibitors of ABL and the ABL-T315I mutation[J].Curr Top Med Chem,2008,18(8):905-921.

[16]宋洪生,吴芳.外源性p21waf1基因转染对人胃癌细胞系BGC-823增殖的影响[J].中国医学创新,2013,10(1):3-5.

[17]饶新辉,刘汉云,梁锦崧,等.大剂量沐舒坦对肺癌手术患者并发症的影响[J].中国医学创新,2013,10(1):6-7.

[18]余涌珠,何冬梅,李江滨,等.肉桂抑制人宫颈癌细胞生长增殖的体外研究[J].中国医学创新,2013,10(1):13-14.

[19]文桂娟,唐海玲,曾庆清.腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤微创剔除手术配合[J].中国医学创新,2013,10(1):63-64.

[20]黄丽如,冯惠霞,陈柳.阿米福汀配合鼻咽癌诱导化疗及同期放化疗的护理体会[J].中国医学创新,2013,10(1):67-68.

(收稿日期:2014-03-28) (本文编辑:蔡元元)

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