行为人的舞弊心理及舞弊倾向的实证研究

2014-11-05 23:55陈艳孔晨于洪鉴
财经问题研究 2014年9期
关键词:风险偏好会计舞弊行为人

陈艳 孔晨 于洪鉴

摘要:本文基于行为人的基本决策规则,以行为人调查数据为样本, 考察了行为人过度自信、时间偏好、风险偏好与舞弊倾向的相关关系及影响程度。研究结论表明:第一,行为人的过度自信程度、时间偏好程度、风险偏好程度与舞弊倾向之间存在着稳定和显著的正相关关系。第二,上述三种心理因素对于舞弊倾向影响的程度存在着差异,其影响程度由高至低依次为:风险偏好、时间偏好和过度自信。第三,随着年龄的增长,行为人的舞弊倾向呈下降的趋势,且个人信仰可以有效地抑制行为人的舞弊倾向,但是学历与舞弊倾向不存在着显著的相关关系。

关键词:行为人;会计舞弊;风险偏好;时间偏好;过度自信

中图分类号:F832.51文献标识码:A

文章编号:1000176X(2014)09009208

一、引言

2013年12月,国务院办公厅颁布了《关于进一步加强资本市场中小投资者合法权益保护工作的意见》,新国九条指出将严肃查处上市公司编造或传播虚假信息误导投资者,以及进行内幕交易和操纵市场等行为。这说明政府已经充分认识到了在信息不对称的情况下,上市公司会计舞弊行为会直接损害处于最外围劣势地位的中小投资者的切身利益。其结果不仅扭曲了资本市场资源分配功能,而且最终会导致国民财富的保值增值无法实现。本文通过国泰安数据库统计了2006-2012年因为虚假披露、重大遗漏、误导性陈述、推迟披露、资产侵占等被证监会出示处罚公告的违法案件(如图1所示)。我们发现,在这7年间会计舞弊行为基本上呈递增的趋势,在2012年已高达439起案件。在舞弊现象的普遍存在并出现严重的态势时就不得不引发我们的反思:为什么随着司法体系的不断健全,反舞弊力度的不断加大,舞弊行为非但没有得到有效的遏制,反而愈演愈烈?这些反舞弊机制的指导思想是否考虑了其背后的根源,即对行为人心理因素的考量,舞弊治理研究是否考虑应根植于组织内部去探求符合人性特质的方法与程序?世界经济运行出现了许多超预期的新变化、新趋势和新规律,舞弊的手段也在不断地翻新,传统经济学理论和模型对其具有多大的解释力?

五、结论

本文以行为人调查数据为样本,考察了行为人心理因素对于舞弊倾向的影响及作用机制。以“有限理性”为前提,分别从风险偏好、时间偏好、过度自信等方面提出研究结论如下:

第一,行为人的风险偏好程度与舞弊倾向之间存在稳定、显著的正相关关系。这说明,面对高风险的舞弊行为,风险偏好程度越大的行为人,相同的舞弊收益所带来的个人主观效用会更高,更好地满足行为人由于风险排斥所要求的风险溢价,行为人实施舞弊行为的可能性会更大。因此,可以把行为人的风险偏好作为舞弊侦察的重要方面之一。无论是风险追求者还是风险规避者,本质上都会对不确定性产生“恐慌”,因此在治理舞弊时应该通过舞弊风险的不断增加来提高行为人的风险溢价,进而降低舞弊行为发生的可能性。

第二,行为人的时间偏好程度与舞弊倾向之间存在显著的正相关关系。由于舞弊的收益期一般要早于舞弊的成本期,时间偏好的存在会使行为人更加关注近期的收益而忽略更长期的成本。随着风险偏好程度的递增,这种收益与成本所产生的净效用会不断的递增,从而导致行为人的舞弊倾向不断增强。为了在时间偏好层面抑制舞弊行为,需要不断健全法律体系提高相应反舞弊系统的运行效率,使成本期和收益期之间的间隔不断地缩小,从而使成本和收益的折现率不断趋于一致。

第三,行为人的过度自信程度与舞弊倾向之间存在显著的正相关关系。过度自信者会高估自身应对舞弊行为涉及的各个方面问题,低估舞弊被发现的概率,从而导致自身从主观上更倾向于舞弊。过度自信行为人在主观上已经认为自己不可能成为那个最不幸的个体,因此,他们会无意识地遗漏对自身不利的有效信息,而更关注对自身有利的各方面信息。这就说明社会舆论的重要性,充分发挥舆论和媒体的导向作用,强化舞弊不利信息的宣传,减少“潜规则”事件的报道,不断消除我国“关系型社会”这种传统观念的影响。在联想机制的作用下,使行为人对于不利信息产生路径依赖和信息锁定,从而降低行为人的舞弊倾向,这必须是一种长期的治理措施。

此外,三种心理特性对于舞弊倾向影响的程度存在着差异,影响程度由高到低依次为:风险偏好、时间偏好、过度自信,这主要由三种影响因素的作用阶段不同所致。过度自信作用于信息的搜集,时间偏好作用于信息的折算,风险偏好作用于信息的评价,这三者的作用过程是一个由浅及深的过程,因此影响程度相应的会逐渐降低。本文还发现行为人的年龄和信仰对于舞弊倾向具有显著的影响。随着年龄的增长,心智的不断成熟,对于客观环境的认知会更加准确,在一定程度上会增强行为人对于舞弊收益、舞弊成本以及舞弊被发现概率的判断能力,以更加理性的思维进行舞弊决策,降低行为人的舞弊倾向。个人信仰对于约束个人行为,降低舞弊倾向具有显著的作用,而我国目前正面临着信仰缺失的困境,因此,基于自身文化特征,培育、引导正确的国民信仰,可以有效地抑制行为人的舞弊倾向。

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[28]Kahneman,D.Maps of Bounded Rationality: A Perspective on Intuitive Judgment and Choice[M].Nobel Prize Lecture,2002.

(责任编辑:于振荣)

[4]Dechow,P.,Sloan,R.,Sweeney,A.Cases and Consequences of Earnings Manipulations: An Analysis of Firms Subject to Enforcement Actions by the SEC[J].The Accounting Review, 1996,71(4):441-454.

[5]McMullen,D.Audit Committee Performance: An Investigation of the Consequences Associated with Audit Committees[J].Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, 1996,16(1):87-103.

[6]Beasley,M.An Empirical Analysis of the Relation between the Board of Director Composition and Financial Statement Fraud [J].The Accounting Review, 1996, 71(4):443-465.

[7]Goh,B.Audit Committees, Boards of Directors, and Remediation of Material Weaknesses in Internal Control[J].Contemporary Accounting Research, 2009,26(2):549-570.

[8]Krishnan,G.,Visvanathan,G.Reporting Internal Control Deficiencies in the Post-Sarbanes-Oxley Era: The Role of Auditors and Corporate Governance[J].International Journal of Auditing, 2007,11(2):73-90.

[9]Jenson,M.The Modern Industrial Revolution, Exit, and the Failure of Internal Control Systems[J].The Journal of Finance, 1993,48(3):831-880.

[10]Chaganti, R.,Damanpour, F.Institutional Ownership, Capital Structure, and Firm Performance[J].Strategic Management Journal, 1991, 12(7):479-491.

[11]Dechow,P., Sloan,R., Sweeney ,A.Cases and Consequences of Earnings Manipulations: An Analysis of Firms Subject to Enforcement Actions by the SEC [J].The Accounting Review, 1996, 71(4):441-454.

[12]La Porta,R.,Lopez-de-Silanes,F.,Shleifer,A.Investor Protection and Corporate Valuation[J].The Journal of Finance, 2000,57(3):1147-1170.

[13]Chen, G.M.,Firth, M.,Gao, N.Ownership Structure, Corporate Governance and Fraud: Evidence from China [J].Journal of Corporate Finance, 2006, 12(3):424-448.

[14]Chaney,P.The Quality of Accounting Information in Politically Connected Firms[R].Owen Graduate School of Management of Vanderbilt University, Working Paper,2007.

[15]杜兴强,周泽将.政治联系与会计稳健性:基于中国民营上市公司的经验证据[J].经济管理,2009,(7).

[16]张琰.基于政治关联的会计舞弊实证研究[D].大连:东北财经大学硕士学位论文,2013.

[17]蔡赟.短视认知偏差与会计舞弊行为——基于行为财务理论的视角[D].广州:暨南大学博士学位论文,2010.

[18]陈艳,刘欣远.前景理论的职务舞弊行为决策[J].北京理工大学学报(社会科学版),2012,(3).

[19]杨明俊.基于管理者过度自信的A股上市公司会计舞弊研究[D].大连:东北财经大学硕士学位论文,2012.

[20]Gervaris,S., Heaton,J., Odean,T.The Positive Role of Overconfidence and Optimism in Investment Policy[R].Rodney L White Center For Financial Research, 2002.

[21]Frank, J.D.Some Psychological Determinants of the Level of Aspiration [J].The American Journal of Psychology, 1935, 47(2): 285-293.

[22]Kunda, Z.Motivated Inference: Self-Serving Generation and Evaluation of Causal Theories[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 1987, 53(4): 636-647.

[23]欧根·冯·庞巴维克.资本与利息[M].何岜曾,高德超译,北京: 商务印书馆,2010.

[24]Laibson,D.Life-Cycle Consumption and Hyperbolic Discount Functions[J].European Economic Review, 1998, 42(3): 861-871.

[25]Prelec, D.Decreasing Impatience: Definition and Consequences[R].Harvard Business School Working Paper,1989.

[26]Bawerk,B.K.Marx and the Close of His System [M].New York: Orion Editions,1984.

[27]Stanovich,K.,West,R.Discrepancies between Normative and Descriptive Models of Decision Making and the Understanding Acceptance Principle[J].Cognitive Psychology, 1999,38(3): 349-385.

[28]Kahneman,D.Maps of Bounded Rationality: A Perspective on Intuitive Judgment and Choice[M].Nobel Prize Lecture,2002.

(责任编辑:于振荣)

[4]Dechow,P.,Sloan,R.,Sweeney,A.Cases and Consequences of Earnings Manipulations: An Analysis of Firms Subject to Enforcement Actions by the SEC[J].The Accounting Review, 1996,71(4):441-454.

[5]McMullen,D.Audit Committee Performance: An Investigation of the Consequences Associated with Audit Committees[J].Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, 1996,16(1):87-103.

[6]Beasley,M.An Empirical Analysis of the Relation between the Board of Director Composition and Financial Statement Fraud [J].The Accounting Review, 1996, 71(4):443-465.

[7]Goh,B.Audit Committees, Boards of Directors, and Remediation of Material Weaknesses in Internal Control[J].Contemporary Accounting Research, 2009,26(2):549-570.

[8]Krishnan,G.,Visvanathan,G.Reporting Internal Control Deficiencies in the Post-Sarbanes-Oxley Era: The Role of Auditors and Corporate Governance[J].International Journal of Auditing, 2007,11(2):73-90.

[9]Jenson,M.The Modern Industrial Revolution, Exit, and the Failure of Internal Control Systems[J].The Journal of Finance, 1993,48(3):831-880.

[10]Chaganti, R.,Damanpour, F.Institutional Ownership, Capital Structure, and Firm Performance[J].Strategic Management Journal, 1991, 12(7):479-491.

[11]Dechow,P., Sloan,R., Sweeney ,A.Cases and Consequences of Earnings Manipulations: An Analysis of Firms Subject to Enforcement Actions by the SEC [J].The Accounting Review, 1996, 71(4):441-454.

[12]La Porta,R.,Lopez-de-Silanes,F.,Shleifer,A.Investor Protection and Corporate Valuation[J].The Journal of Finance, 2000,57(3):1147-1170.

[13]Chen, G.M.,Firth, M.,Gao, N.Ownership Structure, Corporate Governance and Fraud: Evidence from China [J].Journal of Corporate Finance, 2006, 12(3):424-448.

[14]Chaney,P.The Quality of Accounting Information in Politically Connected Firms[R].Owen Graduate School of Management of Vanderbilt University, Working Paper,2007.

[15]杜兴强,周泽将.政治联系与会计稳健性:基于中国民营上市公司的经验证据[J].经济管理,2009,(7).

[16]张琰.基于政治关联的会计舞弊实证研究[D].大连:东北财经大学硕士学位论文,2013.

[17]蔡赟.短视认知偏差与会计舞弊行为——基于行为财务理论的视角[D].广州:暨南大学博士学位论文,2010.

[18]陈艳,刘欣远.前景理论的职务舞弊行为决策[J].北京理工大学学报(社会科学版),2012,(3).

[19]杨明俊.基于管理者过度自信的A股上市公司会计舞弊研究[D].大连:东北财经大学硕士学位论文,2012.

[20]Gervaris,S., Heaton,J., Odean,T.The Positive Role of Overconfidence and Optimism in Investment Policy[R].Rodney L White Center For Financial Research, 2002.

[21]Frank, J.D.Some Psychological Determinants of the Level of Aspiration [J].The American Journal of Psychology, 1935, 47(2): 285-293.

[22]Kunda, Z.Motivated Inference: Self-Serving Generation and Evaluation of Causal Theories[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 1987, 53(4): 636-647.

[23]欧根·冯·庞巴维克.资本与利息[M].何岜曾,高德超译,北京: 商务印书馆,2010.

[24]Laibson,D.Life-Cycle Consumption and Hyperbolic Discount Functions[J].European Economic Review, 1998, 42(3): 861-871.

[25]Prelec, D.Decreasing Impatience: Definition and Consequences[R].Harvard Business School Working Paper,1989.

[26]Bawerk,B.K.Marx and the Close of His System [M].New York: Orion Editions,1984.

[27]Stanovich,K.,West,R.Discrepancies between Normative and Descriptive Models of Decision Making and the Understanding Acceptance Principle[J].Cognitive Psychology, 1999,38(3): 349-385.

[28]Kahneman,D.Maps of Bounded Rationality: A Perspective on Intuitive Judgment and Choice[M].Nobel Prize Lecture,2002.

(责任编辑:于振荣)

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