中国城镇化与区域居民生活直接用能研究

2015-01-13 18:28樊静丽刘健张贤
中国人口·资源与环境 2015年1期
关键词:城镇化

樊静丽+刘健+张贤

摘要我国城镇化进程持续加快,1996年以来年均增长1.4个百分点,同时,居民生活直接能源消费快速增长。区域发展不平衡使各区域城镇化水平与居民生活直接用能存在差异。本文探讨2000-2011年间城镇化进程对各区域居民生活直接用能的影响规律。根据Divisia指数分解法,将居民生活直接用能变化分解为人口增长效应、城镇化率增加效应、城镇居民人均生活用能变化效应和农村居民人均生活用能变化效应。着重分析了东、中、西部区域城镇化率增加对区域生活直接用能总量变化、各类型能源品种变化的贡献及边际贡献。结果发现:①2000-2011年间,城镇化进程对东、中、西部和东北区域居民生活直接用能的贡献分别为4.2%,20.6%,4.1%,-0.01%,人口结构的变动对中部居民直接用能的拉动作用明显;②城镇化率每提高一个百分点,对各区域间生活直接用能贡献差别不大,其中,对东部区域增量贡献最小;③与其他区域不同,中部区域城镇化进程对煤炭消费有增量贡献;东、中部区域城镇化进程对油品消费增量的贡献是西部区域的3-4倍;东部区域城镇化进程对电力消费增量的贡献接近0;④城镇化率每增加一个百分点,对东部地区油品消费增量贡献分别是中西部区域的1.9和2.3倍;对天然气和热力消费增量贡献的情况类似,均是西部区域最高,是东部和中部1.4-2.6倍。研究结论对城镇化进程下开展区域能源管理、节能减排具有指导意义。

关键词城镇化;生活直接用能;Divisia分解

中图分类号F062.1;X24文献标识码A

文章编号1002-2104(2015)01-0055-06doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2015.01.008

在过去三十余年,我国城镇化进程不断加快,城镇化率从1980年的19.4%增加到2011年的51.3%;尤其是1996年以来,城镇化率年均增长1.4个百分点,明显高于过去(1980-1995年)年均增长0.6个百分点的增长速度。未来几十年,我国将继续城镇化进程,据“世界城市展望”估计,到2050年城镇化水平将达到77.3%[1]。城镇化进程伴随着能源需求的快速增长,1980年以来我国能源消费总量和居民生活能源消费量总体上保持较快增长,2000年以来增长尤为显著,年均增速均在8%以上。二元经济和区域发展不平衡是我国长期以来的社会经济发展特征,城乡居民、各区域居民之间收入水平、生活条件、基础设施建设等方面存在较大差异,进而表现出不同的生活能源消费水平、能源消费结构。研究探讨各区域城镇化对能源消费的贡献效应,对我国持续城市化进程中规范能源管理、节能减排、调整能源结构、促进区域平衡发展等方面具有重要意义。

已有研究探讨了世界各国城镇化和能源消费、碳排放之间的关系[2-5]。针对中国的研究中,Fan等[6]、Zhang和Lin[7]用STIRPAT模型分别研究了全国层面上城镇化对CO2排放的影响和东中西区域层面城镇化对能源消费和碳排放的影响。Liu[8]通过误差修正模型的因果检验得出结论:仅仅存在城镇化对总能源消费的单项Granger因果关系。在这些研究中,作者大多采用各类回归模型、因果检验模型来探讨单个或多个国家、多个区域层面上城镇化与能源消费的长期方向性影响关系(双向或单项,正或负)。与之不同,本研究试图用Divisia分解法研究城镇化进程对我国四大区域生活能源消费的贡献,分别从生活能源消费总量和不同能源品种消费角度开展研究。

1研究方法与数据

1.1Divisia指数分解法

采用绝对量形式的Divisia指数分解方法来研究城镇化进程对居民生活直接用能的影响。Et表示t年度居民生活用能总量,E1,t和E2,t分别表示t年度城镇和农村居民能源消费总量,Nt表示t年度人口总量。s1,t和s2,t分别表示t年度城镇和农村人口占全国人口的比重,反映了城镇化进程;e1,t和e2,t分别表示t年度城镇和农村居民人均生活用能。

樊静丽等:中国城镇化与区域居民生活直接用能研究

中国人口·资源与环境2015年第1期

Et=∑2i=1Ei,t=∑2i=1Nt·si,t·ei,t

(1)

Et·=

∑2i=1Nt··si,t·ei,t+

∑2i=1Nt·s·i,t·ei,t+

∑2i=1Nt·si,t·e·i,t

=

∑2i=1Nt·Nt·si,t·ei,t·Nt+

∑2i=1Nt·s·i,tsi,t·ei,t·si,t+

∑2i=1Nt·si,t·e·i,tei,t·ei,t

=∑2i=1Ei,t·Nt·Nt+

∑2i=1Ei,t·s·tsi,t+

E1,t·e·1,te1,t+

E2,t·e·2,te2,t

(2)

对式(2)求曲线积分,得到

∫ΓEt·=

∫Γ∑2i=1Ei,t·Nt·Nt+

∫Γ∑2i=1Ei,t·s·tsi,t+

∫ΓE1,t·e·1,te1,t+

∫ΓE2,t·e·2,te2,t

(3)

Γ为积分路径,表示在时间区间(0,Γ)内的曲线段。根据Hulten [9],在线性齐次条件下,式(3)的曲线积分与路径无关,于是有:

ET-E0=

∫T0∑2i=1Ei,t·dlnNt

人口增长效应ΔEpop+

∫T0∑2i=1Ei,t·dlnsi,t

城镇化效应ΔEurb+

∫T0Ei,t·dlne1,t

城镇人均用能变化效应ΔEmeurb+

∫T0Ei,t·dlne2,t

农村人均用能变化效应ΔEmerur

(4)

式(4)是连续形式下的指数分解,由积分中值定理,在实际应用中将其近似写成离散形式。可以采用Trnqvist[10]指数法或Sato [11]-Vartia[12]指数法近似。这里采用更精确的SatoVartia指数法。

ΔE=ET-E0=ΔEpop+ΔEurb+ΔEeurb+ΔEerur+ΔErsd

(5)

其中,ΔErsd是余值部分,一般情况下接近于零,其余几项分别为

ΔEpop=∑2i=1[(Ei,T-Ei,0)/(lnEi,T-lnEi,0)]·(lnNT-lnN0)

(6)

ΔEurb=∑2i=1[(Ei,T-Ei,0)/(lnEi,T-lnEi,0)]·(lnsi,T-lnsi,0)

(7)

ΔEeurb=[(E1,T-E1,0)/(lnE1,T-lnE1,0)]·(lne1,T-lne1,0)

(8)

ΔEerur=[(E2,T-E2,0)/(lnE2,T-lnE2,0)]·(lne2,T-lne2,0)

(9)

1.2数据来源及预处理

各省居民能源消费数据来源于《中国能源统计年鉴》的地区能源平衡表[13-14],并按照全国实物量/标准量能源平衡表的折算比将地区平衡表中实物量转换为标准量(电热当量法)。各类能源中,煤炭指煤合计量和焦炭之和,油品指油品合计,煤气包括焦炉煤气和其他煤气,天然气、热力和电力与能源平衡表中的名称一致。各省城乡人口和总人口数据来源于《中国人口和就业统计年鉴2012》[15]。由于数据缺失,仅考察2000-2011年间的城镇化与直接用能,其中四川省2000年城乡人口数缺失,这里假设其比例与重庆一致。

2居民生活直接用能的城镇化分解

我国幅员辽阔,人口众多,面临着区域发展不平衡的严峻挑战。以四大区域划分为例(见表1),2011年东、中、西和东北区域的人均GDP分别为5.31,2.92,2.77和4.14万元/人,城镇化水平分别为60.8%,45.5%,43.0%和58.7%。相应地,城镇化进程对各区域生活直接用能的影响特点或将不同。由于部分省份城镇和农村人口数据缺失,地区分解中仅比较2000-2011年间城镇化进程对生活直接用能变化的影响效应。如图1所示,2011年各区域居民生活用能总量分别是2000年的2-2.7倍,增量水平和增量结构也有所不同。

表1全国四大区域划分方式

Tab.1Pattern of four regions division in China

地区划分

Regions

省份

Provinces

东部区域

北京、天津、河北、上海、江苏、浙江、福建、山东、广东、海南

中部区域

山西、安徽、江西、河南、湖北、湖南

东北区域

辽宁、吉林、黑龙江

西部区域

内蒙古、广西、重庆、四川、贵州、云南、西藏、陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆

2.1各区域能源消费总量的城镇化分解

与2000年相比,东、中、西部和东北区域居民2011年生活能源消费增量分别大约为6 383,2 565,4 736和2 306万t标准煤,其中,城镇化进程对各区域生活直接用能的贡献分别为4.2%,20.6%,4.1%,-0.01%(见图2)。这里由于东北区域农村人口增长略高于城镇人口,整体城镇

化率不但没有提高,还略有降低,导致城镇化效应为负值,因此,本文暂不深入探讨城镇化进程对东北区域居民生活

图1各区域2000-2011年能源消费变化

Fig.1Changes of residential energy consumption

during 2000-2011 in China

图22000-2011年各区域能源消费总量的城镇化分解

Fig.2Urbanization effects of residential energy

consumption in China

用能增加的贡献。此外,人口增长对东部区域居民生活用能贡献最大,约为42.9%,反映了21世纪以来东部地区城

乡人口迅速增长带来的用能影响;对中、西部和东北部区

域居民生活用能增量的贡献率却均不足4%。2000-2011年间城乡人均生活用能增加对各区域生活直接用能增量的贡献较大,相对而言,东部区域、西部区域和东北区域城镇人均生活用能增量对区域居民用能增量的贡献比农村人均生活用能增量的贡献更大,2000-2011年间贡献程度基本上均在2 000万t标准煤以上;而中部区域农村人均生活用能增量对居民用能增量的贡献比城镇人均生活用能的贡献更大,亦接近2 000万t标准煤,在一定程度反映了中部区域农村居民生活水平的广泛提高。

从绝对量来看,城镇化率提高对中部区域居民生活能源消费的贡献最大,2000-2011年累计贡献665万t标准煤,是东部区域和西部区域的2.5倍和3.4倍,反映中部区域人口结构变化对直接用能的拉动作用;从边际量来看,城镇化率每提高一个百分点,由此引起的东、中、西部区域生活直接用能增量分别约为26.5,32.4和34.1万t标准煤,尽管差异不大,但东部区域的平均城镇化效应相对最小。

2.2各区域居民生活各种能源消费的城镇化分解

2.2.1城镇化进程对各区域居民生活煤炭消费变化的贡献

与2000年相比,各区域2011年煤炭消费变化不同,东部地区居民生活煤炭消费减少近900万t标煤,中部和东北区域降幅在6万t标煤以内,而西部区域居民的生活煤炭消费量不降反升,增加了794万t标准煤(图1),反映了该时期城镇化率增幅较大(增加20.5个百分点)。其中,城镇化率提高对东、中、西部区域生活用煤变化的贡献分别是-79.4,60.4和-36.9万t标准煤(见图3),城镇人口比重和农村人口比重的此消彼长共同作用使城镇化率效应相对其他效应较小。此外,东部区域生活煤炭消费量的减少主要由城乡居民人均生活用煤量共同降低引起的;中部区域城镇居民人均生活用煤量降低和农村居民人均生活用煤量增加对该区域居民生活用煤量变化的贡献相当,方向相反,但绝对量均较大;西部区域生活煤炭消费量的增加主要由于城镇和农村居民人均生活用煤量共同增加引起,其中后者贡献是前者的4.3倍(见图3)。城镇化率每提高一个百分点,由此引起的东、中、西部区域居民生活用煤炭量的变化约为-7.8,2.9和-6.4万t标准煤。

图32000-2011年间各区域居民对煤炭消费的

城镇化分解

Fig.3Urbanization effects of regional residential coal

consumption during 2000-2011 in China

2.2.2城镇化进程对各区域居民生活油品消费变化的贡献

与2000年相比,2011年各区域居民生活油品消费有所增长,其中,东部区域增加最多(3 554万t标准煤),中、

西部和东北区域增加778-881万t标准煤(图1)。东、中、西部城镇化率提高对该区域生活用油变化的贡献率分别是4.5%,22.4%和4.8%;城镇化率每提高一个百分点,由此引起的东、中、西部生活用油增量分别约为15.8,8.5和7.4万t标准煤。此外,东部区域居民生活用油品增量由其他三项因素——人口增长、城镇居民人均生活用油增加和农村居民人均生活用油增加——分别贡献255%,44%和26%;城镇居民和农村居民人均生活用油增加对中部区域和西部区域居民生活用油增加贡献较大,在31.2%-53%之间;这两项因素对东北区域居民生活用油增量的贡献率合计高达97.7%(见图4)。

图42000-2011年间各区域居民对油品合计消费的

城镇化分解

Fig.4Urbanization effects of regional residential oil

consumption during 2000-2011 in China

2.2.3城镇化进程对各区域居民生活天然气消费变化的贡献

我国各区域天然气消费增长迅速,2011年各区域对天然气消费是2000年的8-15倍,远高于其他能源消费增长速度(见图1)。其中,东、中、西部区域分别增长854,345和1 001万t标准煤,城镇化率增加对三个区域生活天然气消费增量的贡献分别是7.6%,26.3%和67%。各区域城镇居民人均生活天然气消费量增加的贡献占绝对主导地位,均在70%以上;人口增长仅对东部区域天然气增量贡献较大(贡献率15.7%);东北区域2000-2011年间天然气增量仅为55万t标准煤,其中,主要由城镇居民人均生活用能变化驱动,贡献率达93%以上。城镇化率每增长一个百分点,由此引起的东、中、西部天然气消费增量分别约为6.4,4.4和11.7万t标准煤(见图5)。

2.2.4城镇化进程对各区域居民生活热力消费变化的贡献

我国各区域居民对热力消费增长较快,2011年是2000年的3-7倍,东、中、西部地区分别增长494,318,910万t标准煤(见图1),城镇化率增加分别贡献17.1%,

图52000-2011年间各区域居民对天然气消费的

城镇化分解

Fig.5Urbanization effects of regional residential

natural gas consumption during 2000-2011 in China

34%,7.3%。东部区域人口增长效应贡献15.7%,其他区域贡献在3%以内(见图6);城镇居民人均生活用热力消费增量对东北区域生活热力消费增量贡献在各区域均较大,其中对西部和东北区域贡献达92%以上。城镇化率每增加1个百分点,东、中、西部区域居民生活热力消费增量将分别增加8.3,5.3,11.5万t标准煤。

图62000-2011年间各区域居民对热力消费的

城镇化分解

Fig.6Urbanization effects of regional residential heat

consumption during 2000-2011 in China

2.2.5城镇化进程对各区域居民生活电力消费变化的贡献

2011年东、中、西部区域居民生活电力消费是2000年的3.3-4.7倍,高于生活用能总量的增长幅度,分别增长约2 412,1 142,1 183万t标准煤,东北区域居民生活用电量是2000年的2.3倍,增长817万t标准煤(见图1)。与居民油品消费变化不同,城镇化率提高对东部区域居民生活用电增量的贡献非常小,不足3%,对中部和西部区域生活用电增量的贡献率分别为15.1%和3.4%;城镇化率每提高一个百分点,由此引起的东、中、西部区域的生活用电量分别增加0.6,8.4和6.9万t标准煤。其他因素对各区域居民生活用电增量的影响程度与油品合计消费增量的情形大致一致(见图7)。

图72000-2011年间各区域居民对电力消费的

城镇化分解

Fig.7Urbanization effects of regional residential electricity

consumption during 2000-2011 in China

3主要结论与启示

根据以上结果分析与讨论,就各区域城镇化与居民生活直接用能变化之间关系得出以下几条结论。

(1)2000-2011年间,城镇化进程对东、中、西部和东北区域居民生活直接用能的贡献分别为4.2%,20.6%,4.1%,-0.01%,体现了各区域不同的城镇化效应特征。此外,特别地,东部地区城乡人口迅速增长导致该区域居民生活用能变化的人口增长效应高达42.9%;中部区域农村居民生活水平的广泛提高使农村人均生活用能对中部区域居民用能增量的贡献达61.2%。

(2)从绝对量来看,城镇化率提高对中部区域居民生活能源消费的贡献最大,累计665万t标准煤,是东部和西部区域的2.5倍和3.4倍,反映了人口结构的变动对中部居民直接用能的明显拉动作用;从边际量来看,城镇化率每提高一个百分点,对西部区域生活直接用能增量贡献最大,为34万t标煤,对东部区域增量贡献最小,为26.5万t标煤,地区间总体差异不大。

(3)中部区域城镇化进程对该区域各类生活能源消费增量的贡献,在各区域中均最大。与其他区域不同,中部区域城镇化进程对煤炭消费有增量贡献;东、中部区域城镇化进程对油品消费增量的贡献相近,是西部区域的3-4倍;东部区域城镇化进程对电力消费增量的贡献接近0;各区域城镇化进程对天然气和热力消费增量的贡献差别不大。

(4)城镇化率每增加一个百分点,对各区域煤炭消费变化的相对排序与绝对量贡献类似;对东部地区油品合计消费增量贡献最大,分别是中西部区域的1.9和2.3倍;对东部区域电力消费增量贡献远低于中西部区域;对天然气和热力消费增量贡献的情况类似,均是西部区域最高,是东部和中部的1.4-2.6倍。

致谢:本研究是在中国能源报告2010部分研究基础上完成的,感谢廖华教授对部分研究内容的讨论和建议,感谢杜云飞同学在数据收集方面提供的帮助,感谢北京理工大学能源与环境政策研究中心成员对研究的讨论。

(编辑:刘照胜)

参考文献(References)

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[8]Liu Y B. Exploring the Relationship between Urbanization and Energy Consumption in China Using ARDL (Autoregressive DistributedLag) and FDM (Factor Decomposition Model) [J]. Energy, 2009, 34(11):1846-1854.

[9]Hulten C R. Divisia Index Numbers[J]. Econometrica, 1973, 41 (6):1017-25.

[10]Trnqvist L. The Bank of Finlands Consumption Price Index[J]. Bank of Finland Monthly Bulletin, 1936, 10:1-8.

[11]Sato K. The Ideal Logchange Index Number[J]. Review of Economics and Statistics, 1976, 58 (2):223-228.

[12]Vartia Y O. Ideal Logchange Index Numbers[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics Theory and Applications,1976, 3 (3):121-126.

[13]国家统计局.中国能源统计年鉴(2008)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2009.[ National Bureau of Statistics. China Energy Statistical Yearbook (2008)[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2009.]

[14]国家统计局. 中国能源统计年鉴(2011)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2012.[ National Bureau of Statistics. China Energy Statistical Yearbook (2011)[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2012.]

[15]国家统计局人口与就业统计司. 中国人口与就业统计年鉴2012[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2013.[Department of Population and Employment Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics of China. China Population and Employment Statistics Yearbook 2012[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press,2013.]

Urbanization Effect on Regional Household Energy Consumption in China

FAN JingLi1,2LIU Jian3ZHANG Xian4

(1. Faculty of Resources & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing(CUMTB),Beijing 100083,China;

2.Centre for Energy Environment Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;

3. 61741 Troops, the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army, Beijing 100094,China;

4. The Administrative Centre of Chinas Agenda 21, Beijing 100038, China)

AbstractChina is experiencing acceleration of urbanization process that with an average annual growth of 1.4% since 1996. Meanwhile residential energy consumption in China is also in a rapid growth in this period. Moreover, given the fact of Chinas unbalanced regional development, the evolutions of urbanization and residential energy use, and the relationships between them in different regions may differ from each other. This paper then studies the individual evolutions of urban effects on direct use of residential energy in Chinese four regions during 1996-2011. By using Divisia index decomposition method, we decompose the changes of residential energy consumption in four regions into four driving factors, i.e. population growth effect, urbanization effect, effect of urban residential energy consumption per capita and effect of rural residential energy consumption. Impacts of urbanization rate increase on residential energy consumption in eastern, western, and central regions are focused, of which absolute and marginal contributions on total energy consumption and each type of energy consumption are analyzed. The results show that: (1) urbanization rate increase contributes to residential energy consumption in eastern, central, western, northeastern regions by 4.2%, 20.6%, 4.1%, and -0.01% respectively. (2) Contribution from urbanization rate increases to residential energy consumption exists little difference among regions, of which that to eastern region is the least. (3) Unlike other regions, urbanization effect in central region on its coal consumption is positive; urbanization increases in eastern and central regions contribute to their oil consumption by 3-4 times of that in western region; urbanization effect in eastern region on its electricity consumption is close to zero. (4) Every one percentage rise in urbanization rate in eastern region contributes to its residential oil consumption by 1.9 and 2.3 times of that in central and western regions respectively, and the situations to natural gas consumption and heat consumption are similar, both with highest contribution in western region. The conclusions provide some implications for regional energy management and energy conservation and emission reduction.

Key wordsurbanization; residential energy consumption; divisia decomposition

[9]Hulten C R. Divisia Index Numbers[J]. Econometrica, 1973, 41 (6):1017-25.

[10]Trnqvist L. The Bank of Finlands Consumption Price Index[J]. Bank of Finland Monthly Bulletin, 1936, 10:1-8.

[11]Sato K. The Ideal Logchange Index Number[J]. Review of Economics and Statistics, 1976, 58 (2):223-228.

[12]Vartia Y O. Ideal Logchange Index Numbers[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics Theory and Applications,1976, 3 (3):121-126.

[13]国家统计局.中国能源统计年鉴(2008)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2009.[ National Bureau of Statistics. China Energy Statistical Yearbook (2008)[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2009.]

[14]国家统计局. 中国能源统计年鉴(2011)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2012.[ National Bureau of Statistics. China Energy Statistical Yearbook (2011)[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2012.]

[15]国家统计局人口与就业统计司. 中国人口与就业统计年鉴2012[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2013.[Department of Population and Employment Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics of China. China Population and Employment Statistics Yearbook 2012[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press,2013.]

Urbanization Effect on Regional Household Energy Consumption in China

FAN JingLi1,2LIU Jian3ZHANG Xian4

(1. Faculty of Resources & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing(CUMTB),Beijing 100083,China;

2.Centre for Energy Environment Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;

3. 61741 Troops, the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army, Beijing 100094,China;

4. The Administrative Centre of Chinas Agenda 21, Beijing 100038, China)

AbstractChina is experiencing acceleration of urbanization process that with an average annual growth of 1.4% since 1996. Meanwhile residential energy consumption in China is also in a rapid growth in this period. Moreover, given the fact of Chinas unbalanced regional development, the evolutions of urbanization and residential energy use, and the relationships between them in different regions may differ from each other. This paper then studies the individual evolutions of urban effects on direct use of residential energy in Chinese four regions during 1996-2011. By using Divisia index decomposition method, we decompose the changes of residential energy consumption in four regions into four driving factors, i.e. population growth effect, urbanization effect, effect of urban residential energy consumption per capita and effect of rural residential energy consumption. Impacts of urbanization rate increase on residential energy consumption in eastern, western, and central regions are focused, of which absolute and marginal contributions on total energy consumption and each type of energy consumption are analyzed. The results show that: (1) urbanization rate increase contributes to residential energy consumption in eastern, central, western, northeastern regions by 4.2%, 20.6%, 4.1%, and -0.01% respectively. (2) Contribution from urbanization rate increases to residential energy consumption exists little difference among regions, of which that to eastern region is the least. (3) Unlike other regions, urbanization effect in central region on its coal consumption is positive; urbanization increases in eastern and central regions contribute to their oil consumption by 3-4 times of that in western region; urbanization effect in eastern region on its electricity consumption is close to zero. (4) Every one percentage rise in urbanization rate in eastern region contributes to its residential oil consumption by 1.9 and 2.3 times of that in central and western regions respectively, and the situations to natural gas consumption and heat consumption are similar, both with highest contribution in western region. The conclusions provide some implications for regional energy management and energy conservation and emission reduction.

Key wordsurbanization; residential energy consumption; divisia decomposition

[9]Hulten C R. Divisia Index Numbers[J]. Econometrica, 1973, 41 (6):1017-25.

[10]Trnqvist L. The Bank of Finlands Consumption Price Index[J]. Bank of Finland Monthly Bulletin, 1936, 10:1-8.

[11]Sato K. The Ideal Logchange Index Number[J]. Review of Economics and Statistics, 1976, 58 (2):223-228.

[12]Vartia Y O. Ideal Logchange Index Numbers[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics Theory and Applications,1976, 3 (3):121-126.

[13]国家统计局.中国能源统计年鉴(2008)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2009.[ National Bureau of Statistics. China Energy Statistical Yearbook (2008)[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2009.]

[14]国家统计局. 中国能源统计年鉴(2011)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2012.[ National Bureau of Statistics. China Energy Statistical Yearbook (2011)[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2012.]

[15]国家统计局人口与就业统计司. 中国人口与就业统计年鉴2012[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2013.[Department of Population and Employment Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics of China. China Population and Employment Statistics Yearbook 2012[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press,2013.]

Urbanization Effect on Regional Household Energy Consumption in China

FAN JingLi1,2LIU Jian3ZHANG Xian4

(1. Faculty of Resources & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing(CUMTB),Beijing 100083,China;

2.Centre for Energy Environment Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;

3. 61741 Troops, the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army, Beijing 100094,China;

4. The Administrative Centre of Chinas Agenda 21, Beijing 100038, China)

AbstractChina is experiencing acceleration of urbanization process that with an average annual growth of 1.4% since 1996. Meanwhile residential energy consumption in China is also in a rapid growth in this period. Moreover, given the fact of Chinas unbalanced regional development, the evolutions of urbanization and residential energy use, and the relationships between them in different regions may differ from each other. This paper then studies the individual evolutions of urban effects on direct use of residential energy in Chinese four regions during 1996-2011. By using Divisia index decomposition method, we decompose the changes of residential energy consumption in four regions into four driving factors, i.e. population growth effect, urbanization effect, effect of urban residential energy consumption per capita and effect of rural residential energy consumption. Impacts of urbanization rate increase on residential energy consumption in eastern, western, and central regions are focused, of which absolute and marginal contributions on total energy consumption and each type of energy consumption are analyzed. The results show that: (1) urbanization rate increase contributes to residential energy consumption in eastern, central, western, northeastern regions by 4.2%, 20.6%, 4.1%, and -0.01% respectively. (2) Contribution from urbanization rate increases to residential energy consumption exists little difference among regions, of which that to eastern region is the least. (3) Unlike other regions, urbanization effect in central region on its coal consumption is positive; urbanization increases in eastern and central regions contribute to their oil consumption by 3-4 times of that in western region; urbanization effect in eastern region on its electricity consumption is close to zero. (4) Every one percentage rise in urbanization rate in eastern region contributes to its residential oil consumption by 1.9 and 2.3 times of that in central and western regions respectively, and the situations to natural gas consumption and heat consumption are similar, both with highest contribution in western region. The conclusions provide some implications for regional energy management and energy conservation and emission reduction.

Key wordsurbanization; residential energy consumption; divisia decomposition

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