专访韩国现代风景园林开拓者吴辉英教授

采访：（韩）金振午 （美）弗雷德里克·斯坦纳 译：黄思寒 倪永薇

中国因为风景园林学术水平显著提升，获得了很大的关注。在2000年只有少数学校有风景园林教学课程，而现在已经超过200个学校正在培养中国风景园林师。与此同时，与其他国家不同的是韩国致力于推进风景园林人均水平。韩国拥有约5 000万的人口，并且拥有48个专业风景园林教学课程。相比之下，美国虽有65个大学有风景园林专业，但其人口远多于韩国，高达3.14亿。韩国风景园林取得突出成就主要源自一个人的引领与启发：吴辉英。

吴教授于1937年12月27日出生在韩国首尔（汉城）。1963年获得汉阳大学建筑学学位后，进入美国伊利诺伊大学就读风景园林硕士（MLA）。当他还是风景园林硕士的时候，便开始在芝加哥的伊利诺伊州森林保护区工作。1973年，吴教授被朴正熙总统召回韩国。

1 吴辉英作品（自然与光，1986）Oh's work (Nature and Light, 1986)

吴教授在为朴总统工作期间撰写了许多与韩国环境相关的规划发展法律和政策，并一直将风景园林师纳入其中作为重要的角色[1]。例如，他促成了1977年制定的《自然环境保护法（NECA）》，该法取代了1963年颁布的第一个却无效的国家环境法—《污染防治法》。NECA为1979年成立的第一个国家环境机构—环境管理局提供了重要的立法基础，并成为最重要的韩国环境法（20世纪90年代初的基本环境政策法）的关键支撑，该法根据美国《国家环境政策法（NEPA）》改编。吴教授还着手建立立法基础，将风景园林作为一个独立于建筑、林业和园艺的专业产业[1-2]。作为韩国第一个向国家介绍风景园林的人，吴辉英被其同胞称为“韩国弗雷德里克·劳·奥姆斯特德”。

作为国家公职人员，吴教授通过规划和建设新社区，为改善人居环境做出贡献。在韩国工业化和城市化迅速发展的时期，他引领韩国的发展和保护政策[1,3]。在20世纪70年代，吴教授促成了韩国风景园林研究院的基础建设，同时促进了专业和商业执照的确立[1,4]。除了公众和学科服务外，吴教授一直是学术界和出版界的领军人物。他获得了日本大阪府立大学的博士学位（1984年），并在国立首尔大学和汉阳大学创立了具有影响力的风景园林项目。此外，他还曾在祥明大学担任特聘教授。吴教授于1982年在韩国创办了《环境与景观》杂志，任编辑兼出版人，随后又创办了第二本杂志《风景园林建造》。在撰写自己的5本书籍时，他翻译并出版了重要的理论和实践著作。45年来，吴教授进行了包括庆州综合旅游发展计划（1974年）、国家公园计划（1976年）、首尔奥林匹克公园规划和设计（1985年）、亚洲游乐园和雕塑设计（1986年，图1）、伊尔桑新城景观规划（1990年）、仁川国际机场填海区种植设计策略（1995年）在内的各种设计和规划项目。他撰写的12本书籍均在韩国得到广泛阅读，并在韩国和国际期刊上发表了许多有影响力的文章。吴教授在风景园林领域做出了极大的贡献，获得了颇具声望的奖项，其中包括服务勋章（1977年）、总统奖（1985年，2003年）、工业服务勋章（1994年）、韩国环境与文化奖（1999年）和总理表彰（2002年）。以下是我们采访吴教授回顾自己成就的对话①。

Dr. Oh：吴辉英教授

J-OK and FS：金振午和弗雷德里克·斯坦纳

J-OK and FS：您在韩国学习了建筑学，而1965年去美国求学时攻读的是风景园林硕士。是什么促使您在美国深造风景园林专业？有哪些是您在韩国不甚了解的？

Dr. Oh：我最初考入美国伊利诺伊大学就读建筑硕士。但是，该大学的寄宿家庭计划为国际学生提供了与美国家庭进行社会和文化交流的机会，从而改变了我的生活。我的寄宿家庭的父亲是园林系主任William Carnes教授，在一系列关于韩国历史和文化的交谈后，他推荐我转到风景园林学专业。他建议说由于韩国正在经历快速工业化，景观设计师可以在土地开发和环境保护方面发挥重要作用。他鼓励我成为韩国风景园林新领域的领军人物。所以，我转到风景园林专业，Carnes教授成为我的导师。他对于国家公园的兴趣和热情也影响了我对风景园林的态度和责任感，促使我参与创建韩国国家公园协会，协会是对决策土地利用、保护和国家公园管理有影响力的非政府组织（NGO）。

J-OK and FS：在完成硕士学位之后，您从1967到1972年在美国工作。请问，您在美国曾经做过哪些工作？

Dr. Oh：我在伊利诺斯库克县森林保护区工作了大约5年。我的主要工作是致力于规划、设计和管理芝加哥郊区的开放空间。在此期间，芝加哥市认识到自然区域的价值，并希望通过收购及有效的规划和设计来保护它们。我与库克县其他政府机构、专家、非政府组织和当地社区合作，寻找更好的办法来管理公众购买的土地，维持特殊的环境质量。

J-OK and FS：1972年，您回到自己的祖国，担任韩国总统朴正熙的风景园林部长。您是如何得到这个职位的？您的主要工作职责是什么？

Dr. Oh：我在美国工作期间，在第三届总统朴正熙的强力领导下，韩国通过全国土地开发和工业化迅速促进经济发展，处于一个充满活力的形势。在被称作“新村运动”（为推动韩国农村经济现代化而发起的一项政治举措）的全国新社会运动中，管理局关注于如何在快速发展住房、工业和基础设施的过程中，同时减轻环境影响和恢复损坏的景观。

由于当时在韩国没有景观设计师，所以我被推荐作为一位合适的专家来协助总统。因此，我与青瓦台（类似于美国的白宫）联系，向总统介绍了什么是风景园林，以及如何帮助政府完成使命。在演讲的前一天，我真的很担心如何解释什么叫做“风景园林”（在韩国还没有引入）。在韩国保守的社会背景下，我认为在总统面前使用英语词汇可能有点傲慢，所以我想用韩语来代替这个词。在中国和日本各自的语言体系中都有不同词汇来解释“景观”，但在韩国没有。

因此，为了获取建议，我约了一个好朋友也是当时的建筑师、国立首尔大学教授郑燮云（Jeong Sup Yun），他提出了“Jo-Gyeong”这一词汇，在韩国的的意思是“造（Jo）景（Gyeong）”。在青瓦台第一次的展示中我毫不犹豫使用这个词， “造景”也被广泛用来介绍韩国风景园林。演讲结束一年后，青瓦台与我联系并为我提供了一份韩国总统秘书的工作，以景观设计师的身份在韩国土地开发中发挥领导作用。毫无疑问，这是一个为我们的国家作出贡献的极好机会。但我的最终决定并不容易，我很喜欢在美国的工作，全家人都很好地融入了社区。但是，我最终还是接受了这份工作，希望能为韩国的风景园林建设开辟一个新的领域，在工业化的关键时期为全国土地开发的政策、规划和设计起到重要的指导作用（图2、3）。

J-OK and FS：当您返回韩国担任总统秘书时，风景园林行业才刚刚出现。在当时的社会经济和政治背景下，您认为引入和发展风景园林的机遇和挑战是什么？

Dr. Oh：风景园林行业受到朴总统的大力支持是极大的幸运。在为总统工作的约10年时间里，我写了差不多200～300条关于景观规划的建议和报道，令人惊讶的是，在审批时没有遇到任何的问题。朴总统经常和我一起郊游，认真聆听我的建议，并开展关于风景园林的讨论。在总统1979年被暗杀之前，我在促进风景园林的政策和实践中没有遇到任何困难。

在他突然去世后，又有一位新的总统上台，我辞去了总统秘书的职务，在总统办公室从事了几年其他行政工作。我意识到，新总统任职期间风景园林已不再是优先事务。于是，我辞去公职，于1982年加入汉阳大学景观学院研究生院（图4）。此后，风景园林职位从总统秘书中撤掉，这导致政府在风景园林领域的领导力和责任感减弱。但是，很显然在我为朴总统工作的十年里，风景园林领域在制度上、学术上和专业上都得到了强有力的政治支持。令我感到遗憾的是，在朴总统去世后，我没有完成进一步发展风景园林领域这个伟大的使命。

J-OK and FS：20世纪70年代，朴总统为国家土地开发和经济增长政策提供了强有力的领导，您认为风景园林专业的发展有助于实现这些目标吗？

Dr. Oh：朴总统团队有一个清晰的愿景，使在朝鲜战争中破坏的农业社会实现工业化。我在第一次全国体育发展计划期间加入韩国政府（1972—1980）。全面体育发展计划专注于发展空间和经济方面的整合，它的目标包括提高国家土地利用效率和扩大交通、电力和公用事业系统。实现这些目标往往会对环境质量和文化资产造成威胁。朴总统清楚地认识到预防、减少和修复这些负面影响是风景园林的迫切需要。在此期间，风景园林专业在政府主导的主要发展项目中发挥着关键作用。庆州旅游综合发展计划始于1971年，我引导景观规划作为提升文化遗产的一种方式，在韩国东南部的古州—庆州开发了博蒙湖畔度假综合体。在朴总统的特别安排下我参与了显忠祠李舜臣将军（1545—1598）神社的重建。在这个项目中，我领导了基于空间分析的景观设计，以确定适合建筑、设施、植物和排水系统的生态位置。

J-OK and FS：作为总统的秘书，您在为风景园林师建立专业认证计划以及在韩国大学建立新的景观设计课程中起到了关键的作用。基于这些，您的愿景、目标和挑战是什么？如何看待这些机构支持影响

2～3 吴辉英教授Dr. Whee-Young Oh

4 Students of Hanyang University汉阳大学的学生

整体土地开发实践以及景观行业的发展？

Dr. Oh：1972年初，当我开始为总统工作时，我发现最紧迫的问题是缺乏风景园林的人才资源。因此，我建议建立教育和培训计划，以培养风景园林专业人员。在总统批准后，1973年成立第一个风景园林计划：国立首尔大学和南部大学的本科课程和国立首尔大学的研究生课程。自那时起，许多大学开始建立景观专业课程，现在几乎有2 000名学生毕业于全国超过48所大学。我还建议总统颁布法律，在1974年创建风景园林师的资格证，以便风景园林学校的首批毕业生可以申请这个新的资格证。与其他专业不同，这种集中的政策制度支持促进了风景园林领域在学术界和实践界以及各政府部门的迅速扩展。

J-OK and FS：在1992年，作为国际风景园林师联合会（IFLA）东部地区副总裁，您在组织韩国举行的第29届IFLA世界大会中起到了核心的作用。可以告诉我们这对您和您的同事意味着什么，您认为会议的成功如何影响韩国风景园林行业的发展？

Dr. Oh：1992年第29届IFLA世界大会是向国际社会分享我们对风景园林关注和努力的一个很好的机会（图5～7）。虽然尚处于起步阶段，IFLA竞赛受到了来自政府多个部门的重视，包括国土开发、环境保护、林业管理以及旅游发展。我的政治网络对保障中央和地方政府经济和制度支持起到了极大的作用。作为组织委员会主席，在同事们的自愿支持下，我指导了整个计划和活动。我记得那是一段非常美好的时光，它以风景园林的名义，促进学术界、实践界和政府之间有意义的合作。

J-OK and FS：自1982年以来，您每月出版一期的专业杂志《环境与景观》被誉为韩国风景园林界最受欢迎的杂志。是什么促使您开始出版这本杂志，有什么机遇和挑战？

Dr. Oh：在风景园林行业的起步阶段，我认为媒体宣传对于向公众以及建筑、规划、园艺和林业等相关领域分享我们的见解和专长起到至关重要的作用。幸运的是，我能够聚集一批知名学者创建一个新的风景园林专业杂志。通过与他们的合作，在1982年我创办了一个新的专业杂志，叫做《景观季度》。但是，资金是个问题。作为一名在总统办公室工作的公职人员，我在资助连续出版物方面只能发挥非常有限的作用。1982年，在我刚刚辞去公职并被汉阳大学录用后，我接管了出版公司的全部工作。我承认由于财政状况不稳定，每季度的出版都很困难。我将所有辞职津贴都花在了杂志上。尽管我的热情和专业责任驱使着我，但现实是严酷的，我面临着无数的问题和挑战。31年过去了。我衷心感谢所有为连续出版物做出贡献的工作人员。

J-OK and FS：作为风景园林领域的官员、学者、教育家和实践者，您已经取得了许多重要成就。在面对全球经济和环境危机时，您认为景观设计师应该扮演什么样的重要角色？

Dr. Oh：我之所以在《环境与景观》杂志上提出“环境”一词，是因为我认为环境是风景园林界应该追求的最重要的价值。在朴总统领导的发展时代，我加入青瓦台之前，诸如“环境”“环境保护”等词汇的使用被认为是有点反政府的行为。我建议总统在发展过程中不应忽视环境的重要价值，在面对全球经济和环境危机时，能够发挥这一重要作用的正是风景园林。因此，第一个研究生院被命名为“环境研究院”，并且在研究生院设立了风景园林课程。

环境的概念是广泛的，风景园林师可以做的并不仅限于此。我们的景观是如何构成的，景观设计师如何做出贡献取决于人们如何看待景观及其与环境的相互联系。景观设计师应该对他们在环境中的重要性充满信心，并且必须领导组织不同的领域。景观设计师必须成为环境可持续发展的利益相关者。并不是所有的风景园林师都需要成为优秀的设计师。只要他们相信他们的关注和责任与景观有关，他们可以是政治家、政府官员、顾问、非政府组织工作者或教育工作者。当面对环境危机时，对风景园林专业发挥积极和关键的传播作用。韩国正处于特殊的形势下，景观设计师在强有力的政治支持下对城市进行改造。在整个工作过程中，我发现与其他相关领域分享我们的关注对于实现我们的目标至关重要。我们必须非常善于分享我们的愿景，使其他领域了解他们与风景园林密切的相关性，并提供新的视野，和我们一起找到更好的方法来改善、修复和再生我们的城市和环境（图8）。

China has received considerable attention because of the phenomenal growth of its academic landscape architecture programs. While only a few academic programs existed in 2000, now well over 200 prepare Chinese landscape architects. Meanwhile, South Korea probably boosts more academic programs per capita than any other nation. With its population of around 50 million, the nation houses 48 academic landscape architecture programs. In comparison, landscape architecture is offered in 65 universities in the United States with our much larger population of 314 million people. The prominence of South Korean landscape architecture is largely a result of the leadership and inspiration of one man: Dr. Whee-Young Oh.

Dr. Oh was born in Seoul on December 27,1937. After he received an architecture degree from Hanyang University in 1963, he entered the Master of Landscape Architecture (MLA) program at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. While still a MLA student, he began working for the Illinois Forest Preserve in Chicago. In 1973, Dr. Oh was summoned home to Korea by President Jeong-Hee Park.

Working for President Park, Dr. Oh authored many of his nation’s environmental, planning, and development laws and policies, always inserting landscape architects into important roles[1]. For instance, he facilitated the establishment of Natural Environment Conservation Act (NECA) in 1977 that replaced the Pollution Prevention Act, the first but ineffective national environmental law enacted in 1963. NECA provided a crucial legislative basis on which Environmental Administration, the first national environmental agency was established in 1979, and became a crucial backbone of the most important Korean environmental law, the Basic Environmental Policy Act in the early 1990s adapted from U.S.National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). He also initiated to establish a legislative basis to include landscape architecture as a separate professional industry from architecture, forestry, and horticulture[1-2].As the first Korean to introduce landscape architecture to the nation, Whee-Young Oh is called the “Korean Frederick Law Olmsted” by his countrymen.

As a public servant, Dr. Oh led efforts to improve human environments through planning and building the new communities. He led development and preservation policies through a period of South Korea’s rapid industrialization and urbanization[1,3].During the 1970s, Dr. Oh led the foundation of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture, while helping to establish both professional and business licensure[1,4]. In addition to his public and professional service, Dr. Oh has been a leading academic and publisher. He earned his Ph.D. from Osaka Prefecture University in Japan (1984) and founded the in fluential landscape architecture programs at Seoul National University and Hanyang University. In addition, he served as distinguished professor at Sangmyung University. Dr. Oh also established the magazine Environment & Landscape Architecture of Korea in 1982, serving as both its editor and publisher, and later launched a second magazine, Landscape Architecture Construction. He translated and published important books on theory and practice while writing five of his own books. Over 45 years, Dr. Oh has conducted a variety of design and planning projects including Gyeongju Comprehensive Tourism Development Plan (1974), National Park Plan (1976), Seoul Olympic Park Plan and Design (1985), Asian Game Park and Sculpture Design (1986, Fig. 1), Ilsan New Town Landscape Plan (1990), Planting Design Strategies in Reclamation Area for Incheon International Airport (1995). He also wrote more than 12 books widely read in Korea, and published many in fluential articles in national and international journals. For his extensive contribution to the field of landscape architecture, Dr.Oh received highly prestigious awards including the Order of Service Merit (1977),Presidential Citation (1985, 2003), Order of Industrial Service Merit (1994), Korean Environment & Culture Award (1999), and Prime Minister’s Citation (2002). We asked Dr. Oh to reflect on his contributions and his responses follow①.

5 1992年在韩国举办IFLA世界大会IFLA in Korea in1992

J-OK and FS: You studied architecture in Korea, and moved to U.S. in 1965 to pursue MLA. What motivated you to study landscape architecture in the U.S. which was largely unknown in Korea?

Dr. Oh: I initially applied and was admitted to the architecture graduate program at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. However, the university’s Host Family Program, which offered international students the opportunity to be matched up with American families for their social and cultural adjustment, changed my life. The father of my host family was Professor William Carnes, department chair of landscape architecture, and after a series of conversations about the history and culture of South Korea, he recommended that I transfer to the landscape architecture program. He advised that since South Korea was experiencing rapid industrialization, landscape architects could play an important role in land development and environmental protection. He encouraged me to be a leader in cultivating the new field of landscape architecture in South Korea. So, I did transfer to the landscape architecture program and Professor Carnes became my mentor. His interest and enthusiasm in national parks also affected my attitude and responsibility towards landscape architecture, resulting in my in-depth involvement in the creation of the Korean National Park Association,an influential non-governmental organization (NGO) supporting decision-making for land use, conservation, and management of national parks.

J-OK and FS: After the completion of MLA, you worked in the U.S.from 1967 to 1972. What was your job?

Dr. Oh: I worked for Illinois Forest Preserve District of Cook County for about five years. My primary job focused on planning, design, and management of ample open space in suburban Chicago. During that time, the City of Chicago recognized the value of natural areas and wanted to conserve them by acquisition and effective planning and design. In collaboration with other governmental agencies, experts, NGOs, and local communities in Cook County, I sought to find better ways to manage the purchased lands for the public, maintaining the unique environmental quality.

J-OK and FS: In 1972, you returned to your home country to serve as a secretary of landscape architecture to the South Korean President Jeong-Hee Park. How did you get offered the position and what were your primary responsibilities?

Dr. Oh: While I was working for the U.S., South Korea was in a dynamic situation, rapidly promoting economic development through nation-wide land development and industrialization under the strong leadership by Jeong-Hee Park, the third president of South Korea. During the nation-wide new community movement,called “Saemaul,” a political initiative launched to modernize the rural South Korea economy, the Park administration was concerned about mitigating environmental impact and restoring damaged landscapes in the process of rapid developing housing,industry, and infrastructure.

Since there were no landscape architects at that time in South Korea, I was recommended as an appropriate expert to assist the president. So, I was contacted by the Blue House (similar to the White House in the U.S.) to make a presentation for the president about what landscape architecture is and how it could help us meet the government’s mission. A day before the presentation, I was really concerned about what to call “landscape architecture” (which had not been introduced in South Korea) in Korean. In the conservative social context of South Korea, I thought it might be a bit arrogant to use English terms in front of the president, so I wanted to substitute Korean terms. In China and Japan, there were different terms for “landscape architecture” in their own languages, but we had none.

So, for advice I met one of my close friends, Jeong-Sup Yun, an architect and professor at Seoul National University at the time, and he suggested “Jo-Gyeong”which means “making (Jo) landscape (Gyeong)” in Korean. Without hesitating, I used this term for my first presentation in the Blue House, which is how “Jo-Gyeong”came to be widely used to indicate landscape architecture in South Korea. One year after the presentation, the Blue House contacted me and offered me a job as the presidential secretary of South Korea to take a leadership role in organizing ambitious national land development as a landscape architect. Undoubtedly, this was a great opportunity to contribute to our nation, but my ultimate decision was not easy. I was enjoying my job in the U.S. and all my family were settled well into the community.However, Ifinally accepted the job, hoping that I could help build a new field of landscape architecture in South Korea and play an important role for guiding policy,planning, and design for nation-wide land development during the critical time of industrialization (Fig. 2, 3).

J-OK and FS: The landscape architecture profession was new in Korea when you moved back to the country to serve as a secretary to the president. What did you think opportunities and challenges for introducing and developing landscape architecture in the given socioeconomic and political contexts?

Dr. Oh: It was a great fortune that the landscape architecture profession received strong political support from President Park. During the approximately 10 year period of my time working for the president, I wrote almost 200-300 proposals and reports regarding landscape architecture and planning, but surprisingly never had any problems in obtaining approval. President Park frequently went out on field trips with me, paid careful attention to my advice,and enjoyed discussion about landscape architecture. I literally had no difficulty promoting policies and practices regarding landscape architecture until the president was assassinated in 1979.

After his sudden death, followed by a new president, I stepped down from the position as presidential secretary and served a few years in the prime minister’s of fice to take care of other administrative work. I realized that landscape architecture was no longer the priority in the new presidency. So, I resigned from public of fice and joined the faculty of the Graduate School of Landscape Architecture at Hanyang University in 1982 (Fig. 4). Since then, the landscape architecture position was eliminated from the presidential secretaries, resulting in the diminishment of the government’s leadership and responsibilities in landscape architecture. But, it is clear that for over 10 years of my work for President Park, the field of landscape architecture was firmly established institutionally, academically, and professionally with the powerful political support. One thing I regret is that I had not completed my ambitious mission to further develop landscape architecture field after President Park’s death.

J-OK and FS: President Park provided strong leadership for national land development and economic growth policies in 1970s;how do you think the development of landscape architecture profession contributed to meet the goals?

6 1992年在韩国举办IFLA世界大会IFLA in Korea in 1992

7 1992年在韩国举办IFLA世界大会IFLA in Korea in 1992

Dr. Oh: The Park administration had a clear vision to industrialize the country from the rural society ruined by the Korean War. I joined the Park administration in the period of the First National Physical Development Plan(1972—1980) that focused on the integration of spatial and economic aspects of development. Its goal included the improved efficiency of national land use and the expansion of transportation, power, and utility systems. Meeting these goals often generated threats to environmental quality and cultural assets. President Park clearly acknowledged the critical need of landscape architecture for preventing, minimizing, and healing these negative impacts. During that period,the landscape architecture profession held a pivotal role in major government-led development projects. For the Gyeongju Comprehensive Tourism Development Plan that began in 1971, I led landscape planning as a way to enhance cultural heritage and to develop the Bomun lakeside resort complex in the ancient city of Gyeongju in the southeastern part of the country. I was also engaged in rebuilding Hyeonchungsa, the shrine of General Sun-Shin Lee (1545-1598) under the special order of President Park. For this project, I led landscape design based on spatial analysis to decide ecologically suitable locations for buildings, facilities,plants, and the drainage system.

J-OK and FS: As a secretary to the president you played a central role in establishing a professional certification program for landscape architects as well as new degree programs of landscape architecture in universities in Korea. What were the visions, objectives,and challenges? And how do think these institutional support affected overall land development practices as well as development of landscape architecture profession?

Dr. Oh: When I started my work for the president in 1972, I found the most urgent problem was the lack of human resources in landscape architecture.So, I proposed to create educational and training programs to produce landscape architecture professionals. After the president’s approval, the first landscape architecture programs were established in 1973: undergraduate programs at Seoul National University and Young-Nam University, and a graduate program at Seoul National University. Since then many universities have established landscape architecture programs and now almost 2,000 students graduate annually from over 48 universities in the nation. I also proposed that the president enact laws to create the license of landscape architects in 1974 so that the first graduates of landscape architecture schools could apply for the new license. Unlike other professions, this intensive institutional support facilitated rapid expansion of the field of landscape architecture in academia and practice, as well as in a variety of governmental sections.

J-OK and FS: In 1992, as the vice president of International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) Eastern Region, you played a central role in organizing the 29th IFLA World Congress held in South Korea. Tell us about what it meant to you and your colleagues, and how do you think the successful organization affected the development of Korean landscape architecture profession?

Dr. Oh. The 29th IFLA World Congress in 1992 was a great opportunity to share our concerns and efforts in landscape architecture with the international community (Fig. 5, 6). Although the field was in its young stage, the IFLA event received considerable attention from a variety of governmental sections involved in national land development,environmental protection, forestry management,and tourism development. My political network was a great help in securing a variety of financial and institutional support from the central and local governments. As the chair of the organizational committee, I directed the entire schedule and events with grateful voluntary support from our colleagues. I remember it was a really wonderful time that catalyzed meaningful collaboration among academia, practice,and government under the name of landscape architecture.

J-OK and FS: Since 1982, you have published a monthly professional magazine,Environment & Landscape Architecture,known as the most popular magazine in the field of landscape architecture in Korea.What motivated you to start publishing the magazine and what were the opportunities and challenges?

Dr. Oh: In the beginning stage of the landscape architecture profession, I thought the creation of media was critical for sharing our vision and expertise with the public as well as with other related fields including architecture, planning, horticulture, and forestry. Fortunately, a group of leading scholars was formed to facilitate the creation of a new professional landscape architecture magazine. In collaboration with them, I led the birth of a new professional magazine,called Quarterly Landscape Architecture in 1982. But,finances were an issue. As a public official working for the prime minister’s of fice, I certainly had a very limited role in helping finance sustainable publication.Right after my resignation from the public life and acceptance into the faculty of Hanyang University in 1982, I took over the entire responsibility as a publisher to operate the magazine company. I confess it was really hard to publish quarterly because finances were not stable. I spent my entire resignation pay on magazine publication. Although driven strongly by my passion and professional responsibility, the reality was harsh and I had faced countless problems and challenges. 31 years have since passed. I give my heartfelt thanks to all staff members who contributed to continuous publication.

J-OK and FS: You have made many important achievements as a public official,scholar, educator and practitioner in the field of landscape architecture. What do you think are the important roles that landscape architects should play in the face of global economic and environmental crisis?

Dr. Oh: The reason why I put the term“environment” in the magazine title Environment& Landscape Architecture is that I envisioned environment as the most important value that the landscape architecture profession should pursue. In the development era led by the President Park, the use of terms such as “environment” or “environmental protection” was thought as somewhat antigovernment activity before I joined the Blue House. I advised the President that critical values of the environment should not be overlooked during the development and it is landscape architecture that can play an important role. This is how the first graduate school that housed landscape architecture program in Seoul National University was named “Graduate School of Environmental Studies.”

8 吴辉英教授Dr. Whee-Young Oh

The concept of environment is broad and what landscape architects can do is not necessarily limited.How our landscapes are structured and how landscape architects can contribute depends on how people perceive landscape architecture and its interconnection with our environment. Landscape architects should be con fident about the importance of their roles for the environment and must take leadership in organizing different fields. Landscape architects must be stakeholders in making places that are environmentally sustainable. Not every landscape architect needs to be an excellent designer. They can be politicians, public officials, consultants, NGO workers, or educators as long as they believe their concerns and responsibilities are associated with landscape architecture. This will result in the spread of the social attitude toward the positive and critical roles of landscape architecture profession in the face of environmental crisis. South Korea was in a unique situation in which landscape architects took a leadership role in restructuring cities with strong political support. Throughout the work, I found sharing our concerns with other related fields was most critical in realizing our goals. We have to be very smart in sharing our visions, making other fields understand they are critically related to landscape architecture, and providing new vision that together we can find better ways to improve, regenerate, and heal our cities and environment (Fig. 8).

Notes:

①The initial face-to-face interview was conducted in 2017 and the manuscript has been complemented via additional communication through meetings, phone calls and emails.The interview was conducted by Jin-Oh Kim from Kyung Hee University and Frederick Steiner from University of Pennsylvania.

② All photos were provided by Dr. Whee-Young Oh.

(Editor / LIU Yuxia)

注释：

① 最初的面对面访谈于2017年进行，手稿通过会议、电话和电子邮件进行沟通补充。采访由庆熙大学的金振午和宾夕法尼亚大学的弗雷德里克·斯坦纳进行。

② 文中所有图片由吴辉英教授提供。

（编辑/刘玉霞）