钯催化双环化反应在构建多环稠合氮杂环中的应用

2022-07-28 02:14
唐山师范学院学报 2022年3期
关键词:四环杂环吡咯

范 威

化学与化工

钯催化双环化反应在构建多环稠合氮杂环中的应用

范 威

(滁州城市职业学院 科研处,安徽 滁州 239000)

综述了以钯为催化剂的双环化反应构建多环稠合氮杂环骨架,如三环稠合、四环稠合和五环稠合的最新进展。

钯催化;双环化;多环稠合;氮杂环

氮杂环是杂环的一种[1],而多环稠合氮杂环是含有至少三个环的氮杂环化合物[2],该类衍生物种类丰富、活性多样、应用广泛。

图1 含有多环稠合氮杂环骨架的活性分子

如图1所示,Zilpaterol[3]、SYUIQ-5[4]、Cruci- ferane[5]等活性分子分别代表三环、四环、五环稠合氮杂环。众多团队利用双环化反应合成了该类衍生物[6]。

本文综述了以钯为催化剂的双环化反应在构建多环稠合氮杂环骨架中的最新进展,为合成稠合衍生物的新法研究指明了方向。

1 构建三环稠合氮杂环

Lemen G S等[7]报道了钯催化下构建吡呤骨架的两组分反应。该合成路径以邻溴取代的烯胺衍生物和芳基氯为原料,甲苯为溶液,在100 ℃合成了14例三环稠合的吡咯衍生物,见图2。

图2 构建吡呤骨架

Cao J等[8]构建了吡咯并吡啶骨架,见图3。该反应以邻碘取代的芳胺衍生物和烯炔胺衍生物为原料,合成了三环稠合的吡啶并吲哚衍生物,丰富了醋酸钯催化下两组分参与的双环化反应。

图3 构建吡咯并吡啶骨架

2 构建四环稠合氮杂环

图4 构建环戊二烯并吡咯酮骨架

Bunescu A等[9]发展了钯催化下构建环戊二烯并吡咯酮骨架的单组分双环化反应。该合成策略从邻溴芳胺酮取代的芳烯出发,在二甲基乙酰胺中反应,合成了四环稠合的茚并吲哚酮衍生物,见图4。

Xia X-F等[10]研究了两组分构建吲哚骨架的反应。该反应的原料为邻二甲氨基苯炔衍生物和炔烃,催化剂为钯,氧化剂为氧气,通过1个C-N键和2个C-C键的构建,合成了多例四环稠合的萘并吲哚衍生物,见图5。

图5 构建吲哚骨架

图6 构建环戊并吡啶骨架

Luo Y等[11]报道了在1,4-二氧六环溶液中构建环戊并吡啶骨架的反应。该合成路径从邻卤代芳炔和胺出发,在醋酸钯催化下,经回流反应合成了四环稠合的茚并喹啉衍生物,见图6。该反应的官能团兼容性好。

Inuki S等[12]报道了钯催化下构建喹啉骨架的反应。该合成路径的原料为吲哚取代的联烯,溶液为二甲基甲酰胺,经过氧化加成、胺钯化反应、还原消除等过程,合成了四环稠合的吲哚并喹啉衍生物,见图7。

图7 构建喹啉骨架

Watt M S等[13]构建了萘啶酮骨架。该反应选用酰胺取代的吲哚衍生物为原料,合成了一系列四环稠合的吲哚并萘啶酮。该合成路径涉及-协调、C-H金属化、迁移插入等历程,见图8。

图8 构建萘啶酮骨架

Gong X等[14]构建了苯并八元氮杂环骨架。该合成路径从邻氨基芳炔和邻溴芳烯环丁酮出发,以钯为催化剂,1,4-二氧六环为溶剂,通过回流反应合成了四环稠合的苯并吖辛因并萘衍生物,见图9。

图9 构建苯并吖辛因骨架

3 构建五环稠合氮杂环

Gu Z-Y等[15]研究了钯催化下通过分子内C(sp2)-H活化合成茚并吖啶衍生物的反应。该反应从邻溴取代的芳胺烯衍生物出发,经过Heck反应、1,4-钯迁移、还原消除等过程,构建了五环稠合的环戊烯并吡啶骨架,见图10。

图10 构建环戊二烯并吡啶骨架

4 结论

本文综述了基于钯催化下的双环化反应在合成多环稠合氮杂环化合物中的应用研究。通过电环化、胺钯化反应、1,4-钯迁移等过程,构建吡咯并吡啶、喹啉、环戊二烯并吡啶等骨架,丰富了三环稠合、四环稠合、五环稠合氮杂环衍生物。

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Study on the Palladium-Catalyzed Bicyclization Reaction for the Construction of Polycyclic Fused Nitrogen Heterocycles

FAN Wei

(Office of Research Affairs, Chuzhou City Vocation College, Chuzhou 239000, China)

In organic synthesis, metal catalyzed reactions generally use catalysts such as gold, silver, copper, and rhodium. Compared with the previous metals, palladium is highly regarded by synthetic workers because of its low price and high catalytic efficiency. Polycyclic fused nitrogen heterocyclics is a kind of nitrogen heterocyclics, including three or more rings. Zilpaterol, SYUIQ-5, Cruciferane are all nitrogen heterocyclics, which represent tricyclic fusion, tetracyclic fusion and pentacyclic fusion respectively. This article reviews the latest developments in the construction of polycyclic fused nitrogen heterocyclic frameworks using palladium as a catalyst for the bicyclization reaction. From this, a new method for concise and efficient synthesis of fused compounds can be found.

palladium catalysis; bicyclization; polycyclic fused; nitrogen heterocycles

O626

A

1009-9115(2022)03-0020-04

10.3969/j.issn.1009-9115.2022.03.007

安徽省教育厅科研重点项目(KJ2021A1414),安徽省成教学会一般项目(azcg133),滁州城市职业学院横向课题(2021hxkt03,2021hxkt04)

2022-02-22

2022-04-17

范威(1988-),男,江苏徐州人,博士,讲师,研究方向为有机合成。

(责任编辑、校对:琚行松)

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