浅析高考英语短文改错解题技巧

孙江花

一、试题特点

通过对近年来高考短文改错试题考查知识点的统计分析，我们不难发现短文改错考查虽涉及面广，但却有所侧重。考查点测试频率最高的是动词，涉及的有时态、语态、非谓语动词形式、情态等。此外，还考查名词、介词、代词、冠词、形容词、副词、连词的应用，同时涉及句型结构、行文逻辑、固定搭配等。

二、题型分析

NMET（全国通用英语入学考试）短文改错的文章多采用记叙文，有时也有说明文，其长度在100词左右。其语言材料通常取自学生作品或相关的作品；内容来自学生身边的常见话题，篇章结构的难易程度符合学生的实际水平；语言通俗易懂，基本上不涉及生僻的语言现象和复杂的语句结构。命题者在文中有意设置了一些词法、句法、句式结构、行文逻辑等方面的错误，让考生按照答题要求做出改正，以便考查考生发现、判断、纠正篇章错误的校验能力。该题的题型相对固定，问题的设计比例相对稳定。以错词为主，约占60%～70%（6～7个）；此外还涉及多词、少词，各有1～2题，修改动词时态1个。

三、必考考点

（一）名词与冠词

1.名词单数与复数误用

2.不可数名词误用为可数名词

3.泛指与特指概念不清

4.有无冠词含义不同

5.固定搭配中的冠词

注：（1）advice，knowledge，information，news，fun，furniture，progress，food，time 等不可数名词。

（2）抽象名词具体化的情况

Eg：I think the party is success.

I have a good news to tell you.

I have made a good progress.

He is a honest boy.

And if he breaks the law of society，he may go to the prison.

He had no ideas that the kitchen was not for guests.

I like birds and enjoy being close to the nature.

（二）动词

1.主谓是否一致

2.时态问题

3.语态问题

4.非谓语动词在句中的使用是否恰当

Eg：I want to thank you for helping me becoming a different person.

I will send my friend Marry to meet you at the airport when you arrived.

Today，I got a letter that said I had been admitting to a college.

Regard her as a top student in my class，all the teachers and classmates like her very much.

Here are the information about Manchester University.

（三）形容词与副词及其比较级

1.形容词与副词混淆使用

2.原级与比较级的混用

3.形容词与副词多余

Eg：They came back lately and had some tea.

I know you are particular interested in Human Rights.

Last year，Jim proved to be the more popular in our class.

We should be very carefully when we make friend.

We have made our minds to study hard than before.

Taking exercise makes me even more healthier so that I won’t be ill very often.

（四）介词（误用、漏用、多余）

Eg：In my surprise，he did very well in his previous job.

Could you share your experience for us？

However，Mike insisted in staying near the car.

Many of them had been sick because the polluted air and water.

Angel’s job is to listen to and try to understand what they...

（五）代词

1.前后指代不一致

2.不同种类的代词混用

3.代词漏用

Eg：I thought that was dull to watch a game.

The men threw away most of his clothes to save themselves.

I just smiled to me and thought...

Yourlifein yourcountryisquitedifferentfromme.

Everybody sleeps in tents，that is very exciting.

The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.

四、常设考点

（一）三大从句的连接词

1.定语从句

Eg：I live in Beijing，where is the capital.

I went to the office and the person to who it belonged.

2.名词性从句

Eg：To my delight，my son can use that he has learned from university...

Here’s my idea about how a friend is like.

3.状语从句

Eg：Whatever successful we are，we still have some shortcomings.

Come and see me whether you ever visit England.

（二）逻辑关系

1.并列连词的误用（and，but，so，however，besides，therefore，yet，or...）。

2.语境中判断肯定，否定（加 not，never）。

Eg：My hometown is a pretty city，so people there are kind and polite.

I became very active but made new friends.

（三）句式结构

1.句子结构是否完整且正确

2.句子中是否多了不需要的词

3.固定句型与从句结构

Eg：Wehungasignonthefrontdoorthatwasread...

True friends point out your mistake and urge you to correct it when you do nothing wrong.

（四）其他常考固定搭配

Eg：Return back to sb./return to sth.

Explain sb.sth.

A few minutes late/late on.

He is later for school.

Do all one can do sth.

Be doing/be about to do...while.

A man seating opposite me.

In any other words，I’m an only child.

Looking forward to see you again.

I’m used to live here.

I find that house which I used to living in has changed a lot.

五、做题要点

（一）Should do

第一，每天做一篇改错题，或浏览以前做过的改错，在此过程中一定要用心总结考点，增加“找茬”经验。

第二，熟悉常设考点，并把这些经验应用到实践中去。

第三，继续积累短语和一些固定表达。

（二）Don’ts

第一，刚拿到题就从第一行改起。

第二，一行一行看，一行一行改。

（三）Does

第一，拿到题时先把文章浏览一遍，确定全文时态（因为每篇改错都有一个时态错误）。

第二，进行改错时要一句一句地看（甚至两至三句），不要一行一行看。

结束语

短文改错以考查语法的形式出现，对学生的语篇理解和综合能力提出了更高的要求，所以希望学生平时细心的积累，坚持不懈的练习。这是一个从无知到熟练的学习过程，一个知识渐长的过程。因此，学生在平时应该勤加练习，同时也需要教师在平时的教学中有意识地引导，有针对性地及时点拨，重视在语篇和平时语境中进行语法教学（紫金虹 2005）。只有通过反复的练习、总结和反思，才能在高考中灵活应对，取得满意的分数。