6 GnRHa与卵巢功能保护

2016-03-11 11:53
国际妇产科学杂志 2016年4期
关键词:卵泡胚胎月经

6GnRHa与卵巢功能保护

目前有以下几种方法保护女性肿瘤患者的生育功能:胚胎冻存、卵母细胞冻存、卵巢组织冻存、卵巢移位、卵巢移植、药物应用等。其中胚胎冷冻适合于有配偶的女性,卵母细胞冷冻适合于无配偶的年轻女性,而卵巢组织冻存是青春期前患者的唯一选择并适用于各种年龄阶段的患者。但所有这些技术都较复杂,花费较大,且面临伦理学问题。因此,通过药物治疗降低化疗药物对生育功能的影响越来越受到关注。以下主要介绍GnRHa保护卵巢功能的研究进展。

GnRHa保护卵巢功能不像胚胎移植需要患者有配偶,而且使用方便、经济、无损伤,且不需要因为促排卵而延误化疗时间[19]。但是目前关于GnRHa对化疗中卵巢的保护作用仍存争议。Wong等[20]描述性分析了125例接受戈舍瑞林治疗的早期乳腺癌患者月经和生育情况认为,GnRHa对闭经和妊娠都是有益的。但需要更进一步的随机对照研究。84%的患者在6个月恢复月经,其中76%是年龄大于35岁的患者。42例患者有生育要求,30例尝试妊娠,共妊娠42次,30例成功分娩。GnRHa保护作用的可能机制有:①抑制FSH分泌,阻断卵泡凋亡;②造成体内低雌激素环境,减少卵巢血供;③直接与卵巢上的GnRH受体结合发挥保护作用;④上调卵巢S1P水平;⑤诱导卵巢内一种未分化的生殖干细胞分化成原始卵泡细胞。

但Elgindy等[21]在一项系统评价和Meta分析中纳入10项研究,共计907例患者。GnRHa在月经恢复或预防卵巢功能早衰方面没有优势,GnRHa的卵巢功能恢复率为68.4%(320/468),无GnRHa组卵巢功能恢复率为59.9%(263/439);在卵巢功能相关指标方面,如FSH、窦前卵泡数、AMH等,是否使用GnRHa差异无统计学意义;自然妊娠率也无增加。因此认为GnRHa对性腺功能无保护价值,其不是卵巢功能保护的可靠方式。而在霍奇金病中研究结果也不一致[22]。2006年美国临床肿瘤学会(ASCO)发表了第1部保留肿瘤患者生育功能诊治的临床指南,2013年ASCO颁布的最新指南总体推荐原则未变,也认为GnRHa尚处于争议阶段,只能作为临床试验进一步研究,不能作为保护卵巢功能的方法推荐[23]。

7 结语与展望

化疗造成的卵巢功能损害是不可忽视的,肿瘤医师应该充分告知患者化疗的目的和作用,以及潜在的卵巢损伤。若其有保留生育功能的意愿,应同生殖专家一起在肿瘤治疗之前制定相应的卵巢功能保护方案,并在治疗过程中给予精神和相关临床知识的指导。临床肿瘤医师在面对肿瘤患者时不仅应关注肿瘤的治疗问题,还应对生育问题有兴趣的患者主动提供相关的指导意见。

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[本文编辑王琳]

2016-01-18)

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